The sun heats the atmosphere. Solar radiation largely passes through the atmosphere and warms the surface of the earth. The earth then radiates heat up into the lower levels of the atmosphere where greenhouse gases warm. The warmed greenhouse gases then continue to radiate heat in all directions warming the atmosphere and again the earth's surface.
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The Earth's atmosphere is primarily heated by the Sun. Solar radiation warms the Earth's surface, which in turn radiates heat back into the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and water vapor, trap some of this heat, leading to the Earth's overall warming.
Solar radiation that the earths surface receives is what heats the earths atmosphere. The surface absorbs the radiation and is then emitted as long-waves of radiation to the atmosphere.
When the sun heats the Earth's water, it evaporates and turns into water vapor. Water vapor rises into the atmosphere where it can eventually condense to form clouds and then fall back to Earth as precipitation. This process is known as the water cycle.
A rock that enters Earth's atmosphere is called a meteoroid. As it travels through the atmosphere and heats up, it produces a bright streak of light known as a meteor or shooting star. If the rock survives its journey through the atmosphere and reaches the ground, it is then called a meteorite.
The process you are referring to is called evaporation. Evaporation occurs when the sun's energy heats up water on the Earth's surface, causing it to turn into water vapor and rise into the atmosphere.
When the sun heats Earth's atmosphere and surface, the energy from the sun warms the air and land. This causes temperature variations, leading to the movement of air masses and the formation of weather patterns like winds, clouds, and precipitation. Additionally, the heating of the surface drives the water cycle, influencing the distribution of moisture and ultimately affecting our climate.
Hydrogen makes up about 0.000055% of Earth's atmosphere by volume. It is one of the least abundant gases in the atmosphere.