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The atomic number is the number of protons (positively charged particles) found in an atom's nucleus.

It is also equal to the number of electrons (negatively charged particles) in the atoms electron shells because atoms are electrically neutral the positive and negative charges must balance out.

Thus if for example we have an element with an atomic number of 24 then it will have 24 protons and 24 electrons.

When you arrange all the atomic numbers into a logical table, you end up with the "Periodic Table" of all the elements, (see Related Link below).
The number of positive charges or protons in the nucleus of an atom of a given element, and therefore also the number of electrons normally surrounding the nucleus. Atomic number refers to the number of protons in the nucleus of a given atom.
Atomic number is the number of protons preset in the nucleus of an atom of the element.

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Related Questions

What does the atomic number of an element tell you about the element?

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