The average residence time of particles in a system is the average amount of time a particle stays within that system before leaving.
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To calculate the residence time of carbon in a system, you divide the total amount of carbon in the system by the rate at which carbon enters or exits the system. This gives you the average amount of time that a carbon atom remains in the system before moving out.
To calculate the residence time of water in a system, you divide the total volume of water in the system by the rate at which water enters or exits the system. This gives you the average amount of time a water molecule stays in the system before leaving.
Fragments or particles.
In a given volume, a gas typically has the fewest particles compared to a solid or a liquid. This is because gas particles have more space between them and move around more freely than particles in solids and liquids.
The correct name for the average weather given at a certain time of year is "climate".