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East Kalimantan Geology
Numerous Tertiary, hydrocarbon bearing basins occur around the periphery of Borneo (Hutchison, 1989). A large portion of East Kalimantan is covered by the Kutei Basin. The Kutei Basin is the largest (160000 square kilometres) and deepest (12000 to 14000 metres) Tertiary basin in Indonesia.
Formations of the Kutei Basin are essentially a succession of eastward prograding deltas. The stratigraphic succession around the tenement area is summarised in below Tables. Formations developed within the tenement area are highlighted in yellow.
Stratigraphy of the Samarinda Quadrangle
Age
Formation
Lithology
Thickness
Upper Middle Miocene
Balikpapan Formation (Tmbp)
Alternating quartz sandstone, silty claystone and shale with intercalations of marl, limestone and coal. Deposited in a littoral to shallow marine environment. Conformably overlies the Paulua Balang Formation.
800 m
Middle Miocene
Paulau Balang Formation (Tmpb)
Alternating quartz sandstone, sandstone and claystone with intercalations of coal seams. Deposited in a shallow sublittoral environment. Conformably overlies the Bebuluh Formation.
900 m
Early Miocene
Bebulu Formation (Tmbl)
Limestone with intercalations of claystone and marl. Shallow marine environment.
Late Oligocene to Middle Miocene
Pamaluan Formation (Tomp)
Claystone and shale intercalated with marl, sandstone and limestone. Deposited in deep sea environment.
1500 - 2500 m
Early Eocene
Kuaro Formation (Tek)
Sandstone and conglomerate. Intercalations of coal, shale, marl and limestone. Shallow marine environment.
700 m
Late Cretaceous
Haruyan Group (Kvh)
Lava, breccia and tuff. Lava basaltic.
Early Cretaceous
Pintap Formation (Ksp)
Flysch deposits. Alternating sandstone, claystone, siltstone, shale, limestone and basaltic lavas. Deposited in arc trench gap area.
<1500 m
Jurrasic
Ultramafic Complex (Ju)
Serpentinites and harzburgites
Within the region the Tanjung, Kuaro, Pamaluan, Paulua Balang, Warukin and Balikpapan Formations are coal bearing. Based on calorific value and sulphur content, the best quality coal is found in the older Tanjungand KuaroFormation.
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Maxine
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CoachThe Balikpapan coal formation is a rich coal deposit located in Indonesia, known for its high calorific value and low sulfur content. In comparison to other coal formations, it is considered a high-quality coal resource due to its low ash and moisture content, making it desirable for export. Balikpapan coal is primarily used in power generation and industrial applications due to its favorable combustion properties.
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Peat is actually one of the earliest stages in the formation of what sedimentary rock?
Peat is an early stage in the formation of coal, a type of sedimentary rock. As plant material accumulates in waterlogged, oxygen-poor environments, it undergoes chemical and physical changes over time to eventually form peat. With further compaction and heating, peat can then transform into lignite, sub-bituminous coal, bituminous coal, and finally anthracite coal.
How is a coal bed formation possible in Antarctica?
Coal bed formation in Antarctica is possible through the accumulation and burial of plant material in swamps during ancient warm periods in the Earth's history. Over millions of years, the plant material undergoes compaction and chemical changes, forming peat and eventually coal. Antarctica has a history of relatively warm climates in the past, allowing for the formation of these coal beds that we see today.
What are the 4 stages of coal formation?
The four stages of coal formation are peat, lignite, bituminous, and anthracite. Peat is the first stage and is partially decomposed plant material. As the peat is buried and compressed, it transforms into lignite, then bituminous coal, and finally anthracite, which is the most carbon-rich and hardest form of coal.
Peat is the first stage in the formation of?
Peat is the first stage in the formation of coal. It is partially decayed plant material that accumulates in waterlogged environments. Over time, with burial and pressure, peat can transform into different types of coal such as lignite, bituminous, and anthracite.
How is coal created and what are the key processes involved in its formation?
Coal is formed from the remains of plants that lived millions of years ago. The key processes involved in its formation include the accumulation of plant material in swamps, burial under layers of sediment, and the slow transformation of the plant material into coal through heat and pressure over time.
