It takes about 20 minutes for there to be a noticeable change in fresh brewed coffee.
Heat and oxygen quickly break down the volatile oils and change its aroma and flavor.
After about 2 hours the taste can become unpleasant to some people.
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In the original airtight bag, a very long time; coffee beans only start to deteriorate once exposed to air.
Generally, whole bean coffee (unopened) is still good for six months after the expiration date. Ground coffee will expire more rapidly. Most instant coffees, however, have a shelf life over 5 years, and some can still be good after 25 years.
Storing the unopened container of coffee in the freezer can triple the shelf-life.
It immediately loses its flavor after roasting and especially after grinding. A vaccuum seal will help slow that loss, as will freezing ground coffee. Depending on what you consider "good", fresh roasted/ground coffee stays "good" for anywhere from less than an hour to a few years if stored well enough. Coffee doesn't really go "bad", but if you have 5 or 10 year-old coffee you could try it and report back on the flavor, or lack thereof.