Like all stars you can see at night, Betelgeuse is in our galaxy, the Milky Way.
Proxima Centauri appears dimmer than Betelgeuse because it actually is dimmer by several orders of magnitude.
Betelgeuse is a red supergiant star, and as such, it does not have a defined circumference like a solid object. Its size is measured in terms of solar radii, with Betelgeuse being approximately 1,000 times larger than the Sun.
Google is an excellent choice, and Wikipedia isn't too bad.
Betelgeuse does not actually rotate like a solid body, as it is a supergiant star with an irregular shape due to its strong pulsations. It is estimated that Betelgeuse has a rotation period anywhere from tens to hundreds of years.
Betelgeuse can be found in the constellation of Orion, which is visible in the winter sky in the northern hemisphere. Look for the bright red star in the upper left corner of Orion, forming part of the hunter's shoulder.
It is the brightest type of star, Red Supergiant.
No. Betelgeuse does not affect us.
No, Betelgeuse is a red star.
No, the name Betelgeuse comes from Arabic.
Betelgeuse is brighter.
No. Betelgeuse is in Orion.