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The APC H15 power conditioner is used with Home Theater systems and includes a built-in surge protector. You plug all your home theater elements into it.
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What is the formula in Excel that will subtract cell H15 from the sum of cell i7 through i12?
=SUM(I7:I12)-H15
What is the distance between Chongqing and Guilin?
About 1240 Km By train :19 h15 m By air: 1 hour
Is there a good website for comparing interest rates?
A simple search of the Internet reveals that there are many commercial websites providing current information about interest rates. However, if you want information that is not cluttered with advertisements, go to the US Federal Reserve's daily update page. http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h15/update/
What makes up adenosine diphosphate?
When a second phosphate group is added its makes adenosine diphosphate AKA (ADP).
What is the correct away to use the absolute cell reference?
Absolute cell referencing is used for formulas that are being copied from one cell to another and are required to reference a constant cell. They could be used for working with percentages that are being used by a range of calculations for example. So if you have a list of values that have to be taxed, the tax rate could be put in near the top of the column and then used for all values. Usually when we use absolutes, we only really need a mixed reference. If a formula is being copied down, then it is only necessary to lock the row. If it is being copied across, it is only necessary to lock the column. The only time you need an absolute reference is when a formula is being copied down and across, which doesn't happen very often. Even when people only need a mixed reference, they use an absolute reference anyway, and usually that is not a problem and it is fine to do so. If you had a block of cells that covered a number of rows and columns, and you need to multiply each figure by a percentage rate, you could use an absolute reference. It might be a block of individual cells by a salesman that each earns a commission. So your range of sales could be in the cells B3 to H15. In B1, you could have the percentage rate. You then might want all the commissions in the cells B17 to H29. In B17 you would put the following formula and copy it down and across to fill the range B17 to H29. =B3*$B$1
What are some flues?
HA subtype designation NA subtype designation Avian influenza A viruses (H1 N1 A/duck/Alberta/35/76(http://www.answers.com/topic/h1n1)) (H1 N8 A/duck/Alberta/97/77(H1N8)) H2 N9 A/duck/Germany/1/72(H2N9)) H3 N8 A/duck/Ukraine/63(http://www.answers.com/topic/h3n8)) H3 N8 A/duck/England/62(http://www.answers.com/topic/h3n8)) H3 N2 A/turkey/England/69(http://www.answers.com/topic/h3n2)) H4 N6 A/duck/Czechoslovakia/56(H4N6)) H4 N3 A/duck/Alberta/300/77(H4N3)) (H5 N3 A/tern/South Africa/300/77(H4N3)) (H5 N4 A/jyotichinara/Ethiopia/300/77(H6N6)) (H5 N9 A/turkey/Ontario/7732/66(http://www.answers.com/topic/h5n9)) (H5 N1 A/chick/Scotland/59(http://www.answers.com/topic/h5n1)) (H6 N2 A/turkey/Massachusetts/3740/65(http://www.answers.com/topic/h6n2)) (H6 N8 A/turkey/Canada/63(H6N8)) (H6 N5 A/shearwater/Australia/72(H6N5) (H6 N1 A/duck/Germany/1868/68(H6N1)) (H7 N7 A/fowl plague virus/Dutch/27(http://www.answers.com/topic/h7n7)) (H7 N1 A/chick/Brescia/1902(http://www.answers.com/topic/h7n1)) (H7 N3 A/turkey/England/639http://www.answers.com/topic/h7n3)) (H7 N1 A/fowl plague virus/Rostock/34(http://www.answers.com/topic/h7n1)) (H8 N4 A/turkey/Ontario/6118/68(H8N4)) (H9 N2 A/turkey/Wisconsin/1/66(http://www.answers.com/topic/h9n2)) (H9 N6 A/duck/Hong Kong/147/77(H9N6)) (H10 N7 A/chick/Germany/N/49(http://www.answers.com/topic/h10n7)) (H10 N8 A/quail/Italy/1117/65(H10N8)) (H11 N6 A/duck/England/56(H11N6)) (H11 N9 A/duck/Memphis/546/74(H11N9)) (H12 N5 A/duck/Alberta/60/76/(H12N5)) (H13 N6 A/gull/Maryland/704/77(http://www.answers.com/topic/influenza-a-virus)) (H14 N4 A/duck/Gurjev/263/83(H14N4)) (H15 N9 A/shearwater/Australia/2576/83(H15N9))
How do you load a track onto free rider 2?
-1d 12 18 3q,3g a9 24 ab,2l ab 1k 8u,8b n8 87 nv 80 OJ 7o p5,7u 139 78 13q 6f 147 5l 14j 4u 151 45 15e 3b 15o 2f 160 1k 16b r 16p 2 17b -v 184,-38 1aq -3i 1bm -3p 1cl -43 1di -4h 1eg -58 1fc -6b 1g6 -7p 1h1 -94 1hm -ah 1i7 -c2 1ik -dk 1iu -f9 1j4 -gu 1j7 -ik 1j7 -kb 1j4 -m4 1it,-ro 1l8 -re 1lv -qv 1ld,-11a 1r0 -10q 1rp -106 1si -vf 1tf -un 1u9 -tj 1v2 -sh 1vg -rd 1vn -q7 1vn -p7 1vg -ob 1v4 -nk 1uk,-kl 227 -k8 22o -ja 23a,-k9 22o -jn 22g,-on 34t -oa 35d -NT 35s -nf 35e,-mr 394 -m1 39j -l5 3a6 -k8 3av -jc 3bu,-f9 3ir -f1 3jd -ec 3jf,-8s 3pn -9e 3q3,-t4 4v7 -s7 50j -r6 523 -q3 53m -p1 557 -o0 56s -n3 58j,-cf 50u -dh 51k -ej 52k -fe 53j -g8 54h -h9 55k -i7 56p -j1 57q -js 58s -kh 5a0 -l0 5bf -l9 5d8 -la 5fd -l1 5h5 -km 5j0,-n5 58i -ms 59f -mo 5ae -mr 5bg -n7 5cp -nk 5du -o0 5f6 -o7 5ge -o6 5hk -od 5it -p7 5kc -qa 5ll -rh 5ms -sr 5nr -u5 5ok,-kq 5iq -km 5k3 -kl 5l9 -kn 5mm -l0 5oc -lh 5pp -m4 5r1 -mt 5s3 -nr 5t2 -ov 5tt -qa 5uo -s0 5vn -tg 60k -v1 61l -10h 62q -120 643 -139 65j -14d 677 -159 68u -15t 6am -16c 6cg -16k 6ea -16n 6g5 -16q 6i1 -171 6jv -17f 6lt -188 6nq -193 6pk -1a0 6ra -1b2 6ss -1c9 6u7 -1dn 6vd -1f8 70c -1gu 714 -1il 71j -1kc 71t -1m3 726 -1o0 72o -1q0 73l -1s0 74r -1tu 767 -1vm 77p -217 79h -22f 7bg -23h 7df -24d 7fe -256 7he -262 7jd -276 7ld -28e 7nb -29r 7p7,-29r 7p7 -2b9 7qv -2cp 7sh -2eb 7tt -2fu 7uu -2hm 7vd -2jg 7vn -2lb 80d -2n6 81j -2oq 836 -2q9 84u -2ro 86o -2t7 88h -2ul 8ab -304 8c5,-37f 8pa -36s 8qc -360 8ri -350 8sp -342 8tr,-2tu 8p5 -2ug 8q1 -2vc 8qo -306 8rf -312 8s9 -31q 8t1 -32g 8u1 -32r 8v5 -32u 90h -332 924,-330 91v -330 92u -330 93v -337 956 -33l 96f -343 97p -34l 994 -35b 9al -368 9c9 -37c 9dt -38j 9fg -39t 9h3 -3ba 9ir -3cb 9kb -3d6 9lv -3dp 9nl -3e3 9pc -3e7 9r3 -3e2 9ss -3ds 9ul -3do a0f -3dp a29 -3e0 a43 -3ej a5p -3fj a79 -3gp a8h -3i2 a9l -3jc aan -3km abt -3m1 ad8 -3n8 aem -3o4 aga -3om ai1 -3p2 ajp -3pa ali -3po an9 -3qi aou -3rn aqh -3so as7 -3t3 au5 -3t9 b04 -3u8 b1u -3v8 b3q -3v4 b5v -402 b83 -41c ba8 -41j bcg -42a beo -41q bh1 -42o bj4 -43j bl4,-43j bl4 -44a bn3 -460 bp0 -45i br1 -46c bsu,-46c bsu -472 bur -47k c0o,-4b3 cvb -4b1 d08 -4b6 d17 -4ba d2i -4be d43 -4bi d5l -4bm d7b -4bp d96 -4br db4 -4cd dd4 -4d4 df5 -4da dgq -4dc dif -4di dk8 -4e0 dm2 -4eb dnu -4e8 dps -4e8 drt -4em du0 -4ep e04 -4et e29 -4f1 e4j -4ep e6t -4ei e97,-4dg fco -4di fdo -4dj fet -4dp fg5 -4e8 fhh -4f0 fiv -4fr fk5 -4h0 fl0 -4ia flc -4jq fld -4lb fl5 -4mr Fla -4o6 fm9 -4p9 fnp -4pp fpj -4q4 frj -4qf ftk -4qr fvm -4r9 g1p -4rj g3c -4rv g4v -4sd g6h -4t6 g8c -4u9 g98 -4ve g9o -50m gat -51l gcg -52i ge9 -53f gg5 -548 gi2,-55b gmd -55l gn8 -55v go8 -56c gp8 -56u gq1 -57p gq8 -58t gql -59r gri -5af gst -5b4 guf -5c3 gvp -5dj h15 -5f3 h2l -5g0 h4i -5gr h6i -5hl h80 -5il h9d -5jn hat -5kg hci -5li he7 -5n3 hfr -5oa hhh -5pk hj1 -5r3 hkb -5sk hlf -5u7 hmf -5vs hnc -61j ho8 -63d hpc -656 hqm -66n hsd -680 hu9,-680 hu9 -693 i09 -69v i2b -6ar i4c##B -2ad 7pk 73,B -2a0 7ot 6v,B -29h 7nd 6n
What makes a charge?
A satchel charge is a demolition device, primarily intended for combat, whose primary components are a charge of dynamite or a more potent explosive such as C-4 plastic explosive, a carrying device functionally similar to a satchel or messenger bag, and a triggering mechanism; the term covers both improvised and formally designed devices. In World War II, combat engineers used satchel charges to demolish heavy stationary targets such as rail, obstacles, blockhouses, bunkers, caves, and bridges. The WWII-era U.S. Army M37 Demolition Kit contained 8 blocks of high explosive, with 2 priming assemblies, in a canvas bag with a shoulder strap. Part or all of this charge could be placed against a structure or slung into an opening. It was usually detonated with a pull igniter. When used as an anti-tank weapon, one- to two-kg charges were sufficient to severely damage the tracks. Four-kg charges were enough to destroy medium tanks. Military engineers have been using explosives since the invention of gunpowder, working alongside front-line troops in extremely hazardous conditions. During World War I, to overcome the bloody stalemate of trench warfare, engineers dug tunnels under enemy positions, packed them with explosives, and detonated these "mines" in attempts to breach enemy lines. Although the Battle of the Somme opened with the explosion of two such mines, the most dramatic use occurred at Messines, Belgium, where 19 mines containing 470 long tons of explosives were simultaneously detonated, causing 16,000 dead or missing German casualties and demolishing huge sections of German trenches and fortifications. The more fluid nature of warfare in World War II meant that demolition explosives would play a much smaller role, although German paratroopers used regular explosives and shaped charges to spectacular effect in their assault on the fortress of Eben Emael in Belgium. Here, a small, highly trained units landed in gliders on the fortress and neutralized the fortress guns that guarded a key approach to be used by the German army at the start of the Blitzkrieg in 1940. Demolitions were also used to clear anti-tank obstacles or barbed wire ahead of an assault. In a defensive role, demolitions could be used to destroy bridges or military installations, especially ports, to slow an advancing army. Much of the skill in using explosives comes from knowing where and how to place them. To destroy hardened structures, a charge has to have its blast directed inwards, towards the structure. If simply placed onto or next to the target, the majority of the explosive force is lost, as it is directed harmlessly away from the target and into the air. Tamping the explosives, typically with sandbags, is the answer to this problem. Heavy sandbags packed around the explosive charge concentrate the force of the explosion toward the target, vastly increasing its destructive potential. In World War II, satchels were sometimes used to carry or secure explosives. These were normally simply bags with handles, similar to briefcases used to carry documents. These "satchel charges" were made up in relative safety with a pre-determined amount of explosives, then carried to their target, placed carefully, and tamped - often under fire. The engineer could detonate the explosives with a safety fuse, with a flash fuse on a timer, or with an electric charge sent through wires from a plunger or twist generator operated from a safe distance. The explosive force and weight of a infantry-borne explosive charges can range from 100 g (3.5 oz) to several kilograms of explosive. German troops often used six stick-grenade heads secured around a seventh, which they colloquially called the Geballte Ladung (clenched charge), confusingly the same name officially applied to standard demolitions TNT containers. The seven grenades combined to supply 1.155 kg (2.55 lb) of TNT. Using a satchel charge against enemy armour was a hit-or-miss affair. The soldier would try to toss the satchel charge onto or under the tank from very close range. In order to be vulnerable to such an attack, the tank would usually have to be slowed or halted or have its maneuverability reduced by obstacles or terrain such as an urban setting. Targeting the engine deck was effective as blast and/or hot gases could pass through the cooling grills and enter the engine compartment, where fuel fumes might ignite. Such a result would most likely destroy the engine and the fire could detonate on-board ammunition and brew up the tank. Lucky hits aside, satchel charges proved most effective against tank tracks. Placed in or under the track, they would break the track and probably damage running gear. In most cases, these immobilized tanks retained their armament, becoming, in effect, pillboxes. If a satchel landed anywhere else on the tank, it would have little chance of doing serious damage - perhaps minor fittings, aerials, and the like might be destroyed. With luck, a sub-optimally placed satchel charge might produce spall inside a tank, concuss the crew, or injure someone directly opposite the detonation point. If a charge exploded on top of a hatch, it might blow the hatch open, allowing a soldier to drop a grenade into the tank. During the Winter War, Finnish General Headquarters studied the effectiveness of its anti-tank kasapanos (piled charge). It noted in February 1940 that 1.0-2.0 kg (2.2-4.4 lb) of TNT was sufficient to sever the track of a tank if blown under or next to the track. A charge of 2.0 kg (4.4 lb) could destroy vehicles of around 6 tonnes, 3.0 kg (6.6 lb) was sufficient to destroy 12-tonne vehicles, and 4.0 kg (8.8 lb) was sufficient for 30-tonne vehicles such as the Soviet T-28 medium tank. According to the Finns, 6.0 kg (13.2 lb) of explosives was powerful enough to knock out any Soviet tank of 1940 vintage, provided a soldier could get close enough to place it where it could do damage, on the tank's rear deck. Destroying a tank with a satchel charge any other way was extremely difficult, as the charge could not be tamped and so much of the explosive force was lost. Some success was scored by soldiers who lay in trenches and allowed a tank to pass overhead, then secured explosives to the weaker underside armour of the tank with adhesive. When this worked, it would incapacitate the crew with over-pressurisation rather than disable the tank itself. Despite whatever theoretical effectiveness explosive charges had in stopping armoured vehicles, they had many disadvantages. In general, high explosives were confined to engineering stores. Soldiers had to be trained in their use and bricks of TNT (or the equivalent) were not standard infantry issue. Furthermore, the attacker needed to just about crawl on top or beneath an enemy tank to make an attack. Because of these drawbacks, and limited opportunities, successes against tanks rarely occurred. Until the introduction of infantry anti-tank weapons such as the Panzerfaust (tank fist), PIAT (Projector Infantry Anti Tank), and bazooka, anti-armour defence depended on crewed anti-tank guns. Using a satchel charge to take out a tank was a desperate move forced by the absence of more effective anti-tank weapons. Satchel charges were not the only improvised anti-tank weapons. Molotov cocktails, which contained petrol, a thickener, and a fuse, and other fire-based weapons could succeed if they set the vehicle's engine afire or somehow found their way into the fighting compartment. "Military Training Pamphlet No. 42: Tank Hunting and Destruction", a British Army publication produced in August 1940, included even more desperate measures. It suggests that a team of four can take out tanks with a length of railway track, a blanket, a bucket of petrol, and matches. The team was to hide in an alleyway or alongside a house where the tank is expected to pass. Two men hold the railway track with the blanket draped over it. As the tank passes the hiding place, these two run out and jam the railway track into the tank's suspension. The third man throws the bucket of petrol over the blanket, now entangled in the track, and the fourth sets it on fire. Another plan from that booklet is for a single man with a hammer and hand grenade to station himself near the expected route of a tank. When the tank passes, the man is to jump onto the passing tank and pound on the turret hatch with the hammer. When the tank commander opens the hatch to find out what is going on, the attacker is to drop the hand grenade inside. There is no record of these tactics ever being attempted. At the start of World War II, all countries had standard demolitions explosives. Great Britain used guncotton, which was issued in tin cases containing 14 1.0-lb (0.45-kg) slabs in the explosive's wet form for demolitions purposes and in boxes of six tin tubes that each contained ten primers in the dry form for detonators, and ammonal, a less violent explosive that was issued in tins of 2.5, 25, and 50 lb (1.1, 11, and 22.7 kg). Germany's Geballte Ladung, TNT contained in a watertight zinc container, was issued in standard sizes of 1.0, 3.0, and 10.0 kg (2.2 lb. 6.6 lb, and 22.0 lb) although other, smaller 100-g (3.5-oz) and 200-g (7.1 oz) charges existed for specialized work. As the war progressed, more powerful explosives developed. The Allies developed RDX (Research Department Explosive) which was later used as the base of plastic explosive and which was also used to fill the blockbuster aerial bombs. Germany developed aluminised explosives that greatly increased the temperature of detonation (and thus blast effect) and eliminated the need for an incendiary component in their cannon Minengeschoss (mine projectile), and Nipolit, an explosive of high mechanical strength that could be cut, shaped, or milled like hard plastic. The Allied Bangalore Torpedo and the German Rohrladung (tubing charge) were small-diameter tubes filled with explosive that were used to clear barbed wire. Several tubes could be clipped together end to end, then pushed under the wire and detonated to clear a path through the wire obstacle. The Munroe effect of a shaped charge - producing a supersonic blast of gas and molten metal - was well known and employed by all combatants early in the war. Great Britain and France had effective anti-tank rifle grenades in 1940 and German refinements led to the Hafthohlladung (detention hollow charge), a magnetically attached anti-tank weapon that ranged in size from 2-10 kg (4.4-22 lb), in 1942. The Hafthohlladung could also be attached to a concrete blockhouse by a length of chain to blast a hole through the wall. Another version of this was the Abstandsladung (spacer charge) H15, which was fitted with folding legs and was used for attacking armour plate and reinforced concrete in static defences. Great Britain developed three types of shaped charges: the Beehive Charge that was used for burning holes through concrete or armour plate, etc; the Hayrick Charge, a linear charge that was used for cutting the reinforcing bars in concrete, etc; and the arched or General Wade Charge, which was an arched linear charge that would give a combined cutting and pressure effect. As the war progressed, ranged shaped-charge weapons such as the US bazooka, the British PIAT, and the German Panzerfaust evolved. Germany developed a series of remotely controlled vehicles that could deliver an explosive charge under fire, and the British produced the Gammon grenade, basically a grenade whose explosive filling could be added as and when required, and developed HESH (High Explosive Squash Head) for use against fortifications, although it today serves as the UK's preferred anti-armour round.
What Makes A Satchel Charge?
A satchel charge is a demolition device, primarily intended for combat, whose primary components are a charge of dynamite or a more potent explosive such as C-4 plastic explosive, a carrying device functionally similar to a satchel or messenger bag, and a triggering mechanism; the term covers both improvised and formally designed devices. In World War II, combat engineers used satchel charges to demolish heavy stationary targets such as rail, obstacles, blockhouses, bunkers, caves, and bridges. The WWII-era U.S. Army M37 Demolition Kit contained 8 blocks of high explosive, with 2 priming assemblies, in a canvas bag with a shoulder strap. Part or all of this charge could be placed against a structure or slung into an opening. It was usually detonated with a pull igniter. When used as an anti-tank weapon, one- to two-kg charges were sufficient to severely damage the tracks. Four-kg charges were enough to destroy medium tanks. Military engineers have been using explosives since the invention of gunpowder, working alongside front-line troops in extremely hazardous conditions. During World War I, to overcome the bloody stalemate of trench warfare, engineers dug tunnels under enemy positions, packed them with explosives, and detonated these "mines" in attempts to breach enemy lines. Although the Battle of the Somme opened with the explosion of two such mines, the most dramatic use occurred at Messines, Belgium, where 19 mines containing 470 long tons of explosives were simultaneously detonated, causing 16,000 dead or missing German casualties and demolishing huge sections of German trenches and fortifications. The more fluid nature of warfare in World War II meant that demolition explosives would play a much smaller role, although German paratroopers used regular explosives and shaped charges to spectacular effect in their assault on the fortress of Eben Emael in Belgium. Here, a small, highly trained units landed in gliders on the fortress and neutralized the fortress guns that guarded a key approach to be used by the German army at the start of the Blitzkrieg in 1940. Demolitions were also used to clear anti-tank obstacles or barbed wire ahead of an assault. In a defensive role, demolitions could be used to destroy bridges or military installations, especially ports, to slow an advancing army. Much of the skill in using explosives comes from knowing where and how to place them. To destroy hardened structures, a charge has to have its blast directed inwards, towards the structure. If simply placed onto or next to the target, the majority of the explosive force is lost, as it is directed harmlessly away from the target and into the air. Tamping the explosives, typically with sandbags, is the answer to this problem. Heavy sandbags packed around the explosive charge concentrate the force of the explosion toward the target, vastly increasing its destructive potential. In World War II, satchels were sometimes used to carry or secure explosives. These were normally simply bags with handles, similar to briefcases used to carry documents. These "satchel charges" were made up in relative safety with a pre-determined amount of explosives, then carried to their target, placed carefully, and tamped - often under fire. The engineer could detonate the explosives with a safety fuse, with a flash fuse on a timer, or with an electric charge sent through wires from a plunger or twist generator operated from a safe distance. The explosive force and weight of a infantry-borne explosive charges can range from 100 g (3.5 oz) to several kilograms of explosive. German troops often used six stick-grenade heads secured around a seventh, which they colloquially called the Geballte Ladung (clenched charge), confusingly the same name officially applied to standard demolitions TNT containers. The seven grenades combined to supply 1.155 kg (2.55 lb) of TNT. Using a satchel charge against enemy armour was a hit-or-miss affair. The soldier would try to toss the satchel charge onto or under the tank from very close range. In order to be vulnerable to such an attack, the tank would usually have to be slowed or halted or have its maneuverability reduced by obstacles or terrain such as an urban setting. Targeting the engine deck was effective as blast and/or hot gases could pass through the cooling grills and enter the engine compartment, where fuel fumes might ignite. Such a result would most likely destroy the engine and the fire could detonate on-board ammunition and brew up the tank. Lucky hits aside, satchel charges proved most effective against tank tracks. Placed in or under the track, they would break the track and probably damage running gear. In most cases, these immobilized tanks retained their armament, becoming, in effect, pillboxes. If a satchel landed anywhere else on the tank, it would have little chance of doing serious damage - perhaps minor fittings, aerials, and the like might be destroyed. With luck, a sub-optimally placed satchel charge might produce spall inside a tank, concuss the crew, or injure someone directly opposite the detonation point. If a charge exploded on top of a hatch, it might blow the hatch open, allowing a soldier to drop a grenade into the tank. During the Winter War, Finnish General Headquarters studied the effectiveness of its anti-tank kasapanos (piled charge). It noted in February 1940 that 1.0-2.0 kg (2.2-4.4 lb) of TNT was sufficient to sever the track of a tank if blown under or next to the track. A charge of 2.0 kg (4.4 lb) could destroy vehicles of around 6 tonnes, 3.0 kg (6.6 lb) was sufficient to destroy 12-tonne vehicles, and 4.0 kg (8.8 lb) was sufficient for 30-tonne vehicles such as the Soviet T-28 medium tank. According to the Finns, 6.0 kg (13.2 lb) of explosives was powerful enough to knock out any Soviet tank of 1940 vintage, provided a soldier could get close enough to place it where it could do damage, on the tank's rear deck. Destroying a tank with a satchel charge any other way was extremely difficult, as the charge could not be tamped and so much of the explosive force was lost. Some success was scored by soldiers who lay in trenches and allowed a tank to pass overhead, then secured explosives to the weaker underside armour of the tank with adhesive. When this worked, it would incapacitate the crew with over-pressurisation rather than disable the tank itself. Despite whatever theoretical effectiveness explosive charges had in stopping armoured vehicles, they had many disadvantages. In general, high explosives were confined to engineering stores. Soldiers had to be trained in their use and bricks of TNT (or the equivalent) were not standard infantry issue. Furthermore, the attacker needed to just about crawl on top or beneath an enemy tank to make an attack. Because of these drawbacks, and limited opportunities, successes against tanks rarely occurred. Until the introduction of infantry anti-tank weapons such as the Panzerfaust (tank fist), PIAT (Projector Infantry Anti Tank), and bazooka, anti-armour defence depended on crewed anti-tank guns. Using a satchel charge to take out a tank was a desperate move forced by the absence of more effective anti-tank weapons. Satchel charges were not the only improvised anti-tank weapons. Molotov cocktails, which contained petrol, a thickener, and a fuse, and other fire-based weapons could succeed if they set the vehicle's engine afire or somehow found their way into the fighting compartment. "Military Training Pamphlet No. 42: Tank Hunting and Destruction", a British Army publication produced in August 1940, included even more desperate measures. It suggests that a team of four can take out tanks with a length of railway track, a blanket, a bucket of petrol, and matches. The team was to hide in an alleyway or alongside a house where the tank is expected to pass. Two men hold the railway track with the blanket draped over it. As the tank passes the hiding place, these two run out and jam the railway track into the tank's suspension. The third man throws the bucket of petrol over the blanket, now entangled in the track, and the fourth sets it on fire. Another plan from that booklet is for a single man with a hammer and hand grenade to station himself near the expected route of a tank. When the tank passes, the man is to jump onto the passing tank and pound on the turret hatch with the hammer. When the tank commander opens the hatch to find out what is going on, the attacker is to drop the hand grenade inside. There is no record of these tactics ever being attempted. At the start of World War II, all countries had standard demolitions explosives. Great Britain used guncotton, which was issued in tin cases containing 14 1.0-lb (0.45-kg) slabs in the explosive's wet form for demolitions purposes and in boxes of six tin tubes that each contained ten primers in the dry form for detonators, and ammonal, a less violent explosive that was issued in tins of 2.5, 25, and 50 lb (1.1, 11, and 22.7 kg). Germany's Geballte Ladung, TNT contained in a watertight zinc container, was issued in standard sizes of 1.0, 3.0, and 10.0 kg (2.2 lb. 6.6 lb, and 22.0 lb) although other, smaller 100-g (3.5-oz) and 200-g (7.1 oz) charges existed for specialized work. As the war progressed, more powerful explosives developed. The Allies developed RDX (Research Department Explosive) which was later used as the base of plastic explosive and which was also used to fill the blockbuster aerial bombs. Germany developed aluminised explosives that greatly increased the temperature of detonation (and thus blast effect) and eliminated the need for an incendiary component in their cannon Minengeschoss (mine projectile), and Nipolit, an explosive of high mechanical strength that could be cut, shaped, or milled like hard plastic. The Allied Bangalore Torpedo and the German Rohrladung (tubing charge) were small-diameter tubes filled with explosive that were used to clear barbed wire. Several tubes could be clipped together end to end, then pushed under the wire and detonated to clear a path through the wire obstacle. The Munroe effect of a shaped charge - producing a supersonic blast of gas and molten metal - was well known and employed by all combatants early in the war. Great Britain and France had effective anti-tank rifle grenades in 1940 and German refinements led to the Hafthohlladung (detention hollow charge), a magnetically attached anti-tank weapon that ranged in size from 2-10 kg (4.4-22 lb), in 1942. The Hafthohlladung could also be attached to a concrete blockhouse by a length of chain to blast a hole through the wall. Another version of this was the Abstandsladung (spacer charge) H15, which was fitted with folding legs and was used for attacking armour plate and reinforced concrete in static defences. Great Britain developed three types of shaped charges: the Beehive Charge that was used for burning holes through concrete or armour plate, etc; the Hayrick Charge, a linear charge that was used for cutting the reinforcing bars in concrete, etc; and the arched or General Wade Charge, which was an arched linear charge that would give a combined cutting and pressure effect. As the war progressed, ranged shaped-charge weapons such as the US bazooka, the British PIAT, and the German Panzerfaust evolved. Germany developed a series of remotely controlled vehicles that could deliver an explosive charge under fire, and the British produced the Gammon grenade, basically a grenade whose explosive filling could be added as and when required, and developed HESH (High Explosive Squash Head) for use against fortifications, although it today serves as the UK's preferred anti-armour round.
