Because they aren't organized the same way, there is no direct equivalent directory to System32 in Linux. The kernel image in Linux is typically stored in /boot, the system binaries are stored in /bin, and libraries are stored /lib and /usr/lib.
Traditionally in /usr/src/linux.
Usually they are stored in /dev
True.
Swap
That is the "swap partition." It is a dedicated space on the hard disk that fulfills the "swap" feature of virtual memory in Linux.
The user's name is stored in /etc/passwd and/or /etc/shadow. The user's data is stored in the /home directory.
The use of a Linux Virtual Machine is to run a copy of Linux on your current operation system. This will allow you to run various applications that only run on Linux.
Swap partition
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This is impossible to fully answer. Password hashes are "salted" in Linux. This means, among other things, that the stored value for the same password can vary significantly.
LastPass is a password manager which can generate, store, autofill and autologin your online accounts' usernames and passwords. It is known for its security and is available in Chrome, Safari, Firefox, IE and Opera on Linux, Windows and Mac.