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Why is Swiss albino mice used for testing genotoxicity?
Because they're easy to breed, virtually all are the same, & because they are quite tough & resilent creatures.
How does UMU test work?
The umu-lux test is a genotoxicity test using the two genetically modified Salmonella typhimuriumTA1535 strains (TL210 and TL210ctl) transformed with the luxC, D, A, B, E (luciferase gene and fatty acid reductase genes) of Vibrio fischeri as a reporter gene. The TL210 strain detects genotoxicants and the TL210ctl strain detect cytotoxicants. In order to develop a highly sensitive, simple, and rapid genotoxicity detection system, the biosensor using these immobilized strains was developed. .
What are the disadvantages of benzoic acid?
Some disadvantages of benzoic acid include potential skin irritation and allergic reactions when used in high concentrations, as well as a sour taste when consumed in large quantities. Additionally, there are concerns about the potential for genotoxicity and reproductive toxicity with prolonged or high-dose exposure to benzoic acid.
What is the function of micronucleus?
Micronuclei are small nuclei found in some cells, typically formed during cell division. They are important for maintaining genetic material integrity, and their presence can indicate DNA damage or chromosomal instability in a cell. Micronuclei are often used as a biomarker for genotoxicity in cells exposed to harmful substances or radiation.
What is DDT and why was it banned in the US?
There was many health risks with bald eagles getting poisoned by it getting into the water supply. The fish in the water got poisined and the Bald Eagles ate the fish, they did NOT die though.
How many animals are killed for one cosmetic?
Researchers kill between 1 and 1,300 animals may be killed for each cosmetic ingredient tested. Here are some common tests and the numbers of animals killed for each:Skin sensitization: 32 guinea pigs or 16 miceSkin irritation/corrosion: 1-3 rabbitsEye irritation/corrosion: 1-3 rabbitsAcute oral toxicity: 7 ratsAcute dermal toxicity: 20 rats, rabbits, or guinea pigsAcute inhalation toxicity: 20 ratsRepeat dose (28 day) and subchronic (90 day) toxicity: 40 rats (28 day) or 80 rats (90 day)Carcinogenicity or combined carcinogenicity/chronic toxicity: 400 mice or ratsToxicokinetics: 4-12 ratsReproductive/developmental screen: 675 ratsReproductive toxicity in two generations: 2,600 ratsDevelopmental toxicity: 480 rabbits (100 adult females and 480 pups) or 1,300 rats (100 adult females and 1,200 pups)Genotoxicity/mutagenicity: 12-500 mice or rats
When do you take the ames test?
The ames test is a basic toxicological test that can be used to determine if a substance is potentially genotoxic. It is a very easy and cheap test that can be set up in most labs. The test looks for gene mutations in bacteria, normally Salmonella typhimurium. A strain of S. typhimurium with a mutation that causes it to be unable to synthezise histidine (amino acid) is plated along with the substance to be tested. The mutation in the bacteria can easily be backmutated, thus, any substance with a genotoxic (mutagenic) ability can cause the bacteria to backmutate to a state where it can again syntesize histidine. S. typh on agar plate without histidine will not be able to grow, and thus, no colony forming units (cfu) will be seen. S. typh on agar plate, add potentially genotoxic substance onto agar (normally on paper disc), the substance will filter through agar, and if mutagenic, can cause backmutation in the bacteria which will then be able to synthesize histidine, resulting in growt of cfu's. The results seen in the ames test can give an idea of the substances potential for genotoxicity. If the substance has the ability to cause a mutation in the bacteria, it might be able to cause mutations in humans as well, and should therefore undergo further testing to determine whether it is safe or not.
What is the meaning of biomagnification?
Introduction:- In the mid of the 20th century many know species like predatory fish such as Swordfish and Sharks or birds like Osprey and Eagles, even the Crop Plants became extinct & some have been banned to be taken as food by National Governments due to the presence of high concentration of substances, such as Pesticide, DDT (dichloro diphenyl trichloro ethane), POPs (Persistent Organic Pollutants), PCBs(polychlorinated biphenyls), Toxaphene, Monomethylmercury & Inorganic Metals like Arsenic, Cadmium, Mercury Etc.,."These substances which cause changes in the ecological balance are termed as Biomagnifiers & the phenomenon is called the Biomagnification."The biomagnifiers contain lipophilic substances & Organic metals which do not degrade in the body but they persist & keep on carrying to next tropical levels by the Predation mechanism.Reason & Side effects:-· Swordfish is famous for 'Sea Food' but, "The United States Food and Drug Administration"warns about potential toxicity from high levels of 'Methylmercury' in Swordfish. On more consumption, the pregnant ladies may abort the babies or may give premature delivery.· Bald Eagles is 'National bird of United States', which has been near extinct due to the involvement of the DDT in the Calcium metabolism during Egg formation (causing production of shell less eggs).· In Humans, these biomagnifiers causes Genotoxicity and Endocrine disruption and DNA adducts, Chronic toxicity,Diabetes, & Xenoestrogenic activityOn detailed test it was found that every Human of U.S contains these biomagnifiers in body especially the DDT. So, U.S had banned the use of DDT since 1972 but still today DDT is being used in India & also it stood first in consumptions list of the World.Summary:- The Industrial Revolution is boon to the Humans but became curse to many of the species by removing their signature from the World.Conclusion:- Use of Biofertilizer, Biopesticides, Organic Farmed Foods, Renewable resource, etc.,. Safe for Health and Mankind rather than the other market food.
