A bar chart is an arrangement of bars of different lengths to represent values, laid out horizontally. They are typically used to graphically illustrate the different values in a spreadsheet, and how they compare to other related values. Different bars are different colours and can be labelled to show what they correspond to. You can also have groups of bars of similar kinds, so the the same colour may be repeated in sets. You can also have stacked bar charts, where different parts of one bar are made up of different colours, to show how much the contribute to a total. See the links below for examples.
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It is a conditional formatting technique, introduced in Excel 2007, that automatically draws a bar in a cell whose length corresponds to the value of a specified cell or range of cells. Cells or ranges with a larger value would generate a bar that is longer.
See related links for some data bar improvements coming in Excel 2010.
An area chart is like a line chart where the area between the line and the x-axis is coloured in. It can also be the area between the line and a line below it in the case of a stacked area chart.
It is a standard bar chart where each bar stands for a value for a category and the different categories bars are clustered together. So say you had sales for four different regions for each month of the year. For each month there would be four bars. Those four bars would be all together, touching. There would be a gap between each month. So the sets of four bars would be clustered for each month.
A pie chart is a circle divided into slices, like a pie. Each slice represents a value in the overall set of values enabling you to see how much of the total it makes up.