For each name, the full file name of the command is determined by searching the directories in $PATH and remembered. If the -p option is supplied, no path search is performed, and filename is used as the full file name of the command. The -r option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. The -d option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each name. If the -t option is supplied, the full pathname to which each name corresponds is printed. If multiple namearguments are supplied with -t, the name is printed before the hashed full pathname. The -l option causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input. If no arguments are given, or if only -l is supplied, information about remembered commands is printed. The return status is true unless a name is not found or an invalid option is supplied.
read (shell builtin command)
Each Name the full file name of the command is determined by searching the directories in $PATH and remembered.
Each Name the full file name of the command is determined by searching the directories in $PATH and remembered.
Many distributions have documentation or builtin graphical installation utilities.
# This comment is ignored as it is preceded with a hash sign (#).
For the most part it's builtin with ALSA (it's part of the kernel), though if you don't want to fuss with all of that, you can always install PulseAudio.
This is impossible to fully answer. Password hashes are "salted" in Linux. This means, among other things, that the stored value for the same password can vary significantly.
This really depends on which password you mean. Most user passwords aren't so much decoded as they are hashed through alorithms such as MD5 and the result compared to a stored hash for the password. If the hashes match, Linux concludes the password is correct. Passwords are done this way as checksum hashes can't be reversed. They are assymetrical, meaning running a hash through the same algorithm merely results in another hash, not the password. This is a very secure way to store passwords.
yes,it has builtin
yes it does
hash key is an element in the hash table. it is the data that you will combine (mathematical) with hash function to produce the hash.
For simplicity and interoperability. CD means "change directory." There's really no point in changing the command name since all that'd accomplish is confusing users and breaking shell scripts. As a note: ALL versions of Linux use the cd command, it's a core part of a shell, a "builtin."