Hundreds, depending on whether you include the ones that Linux supports in user mode (via FUSE), and ones that are used only in embedded computers.
The ones that Linux supports natively (can boot off of) are:
FAT, FAT16, FAT32, ext, ext2, ext3, ReiserFS, Reiser4, NFS, ISO9660, UDF, XFS, and JFS.
Ones that Linux distributions often support using FUSE:
NTFS, AFS, QNX6, Coherent, HFS, HFS+, RAMFS, Minix, HPFS, BFS, XIAFS, and UFS.
Linux systems have access to a wide range of filesystems, however most Linux distributions default to ext3 or ext4. In the future it is our hope that the "standard" Linux filesystem will be btrfs.Linux supports many different file systems, including ext, ext3, ext4, ReiserFS, Reiser4, JFS, btrfs, and XFS.
The Linux VFS (Virtual File System) may be thought of as a sort of interface between the Linux kernel and the mounted file systems. There can be many different file system types mounted simultaneously and VFS allows the Linux kernel to see and address them all in a similar way. This provides Linux with a great deal of flexibility. [JMH]
Windows uses 4 file systems: FAT, NTFS, exFAT, and ReFS. "Linux" supports dozens of file systems, there are too many to mention. The differences between them are massive and specific to the file system in question. For a proper answer you need to read http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system . It is incorrect to say "the Linux file system is faster than Windows" because it's dependent on the data, and of course because there is no "Linux file system." It's incorrect to say "The Linux filesystem is more/less secure than the Windows file system" for the same reason. Drive encryption is available in both Windows and Linux. To the average user, there is no functional difference.
Linux shell is a programming language. its fully different from others progrmming language. the script which is used in Linux quite tough to remember if we comparison to other programming laguages.
It matters what file systems you or your distributor build the Linux Kernel to support. Generally EXT2, EXT3, and EXT4 are the defaults. EXT4 is recommend for modern Linux installs. Many other files systems are be supported if built into the kernel FAT (12, 16, and 32), XFS, NTFS (using fuse), and etc.
The Linux ext3 file system is the default system in many linux derivatives. It allows for journalling, which the ext2 system did not. It also allows in-situ upgrades without asking for a backup first.
BusyBox is an executable file that runs a large variety of different script-related functions. Many call it the Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux. It can be run on many different operating systems such as Linux and BSD.
Linux can support a variety of filesystems. Many users choose to use EXT filesystems (ext2,ext3,ext4) but you can also use FAT (windows-compatible) and lesser known filesystems (like ReiserFS)
One.
Hard disks are same the file systems have many diferences !
There is no "the startup file" in Linux; depending on the type of system, there may not be any files at all. The Linux boot process has a number of steps, many of which are optional or have alternative implementations.
"tar" is a file format popular in Unix operating systems. Originally designed for tape archive It is similar to a zip file or any of the many compression units. It has made a resurgence with Linux systems. See related link for more information.