Single Pass Assembler A single pass assembler scans the program only once and creates the equivalent binary program. The assembler substitute all of the symbolic instruction with machine code in one pass. Advantages
Every source statement needs to be processed once.
Disadvantages
We cannot use any forward reference in our program. Forward Reference
Forward reference means; reference to an instruction which has not yet been encountered by the assembler. In order to handle forward reference, the program needs to be scanned twice. In other words a two pass assembler is needed.
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The Flowchart of a single pass assembler is the symbolic representation of the steps that converts source code into the machine code using single pass assembler.
A single pass assembler is easy to design one can understand its working easily with the help of it flowchart. Flowchart is just like the algorithm, but contains different boxes for different purposes.
A flowchart is used in writing a program and offers a practical way to show how a program works to an outsider. A two-pass assembler can be used in designing the flowchart by first placing all of the variables in a chart, and secondly by filling in the gaps with numeric addresses.
When one pass assembler constructing the object code, if it finds usage of the variables before the declaration then forward reference problem will occur. To avoid forward reference problem: i) Declare the symbols before using it ii) Use more than one pass assembler(multi pass assembler)
One well known and good assembler is NASM. (Netwide ASseMbler). This can be found at http://nasm.sf.net
a symbol table
it means Microsoft Macro Assembler
The task that the Assembler needs to be perform among of these are....- the assembler takes its source code as assembly language program.- making direct hardware access for device driver.- produce machine code.