In programming, a procedure is a set of instructions that performs a specific task, while a function is a type of procedure that returns a value. Functions are more versatile and reusable because they can be called multiple times and can return a result. Procedures, on the other hand, are used for tasks that do not require a return value.
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In C programming, a precondition is a condition that must be true before a function is called, while a postcondition is a condition that is guaranteed to be true after the function has been executed.
In call by value, the value of the argument is passed to the function, while in call by name, the expression for the argument is passed and evaluated each time it is used in the function.
In programming languages, call by value passes the value of a variable to a function, while call by name passes the name of the variable. Call by value evaluates the value before passing it, while call by name evaluates the value when it is used in the function.
Object-oriented programming is just one possible methodology in the field of software engineering. It is a type of software engineering.See the related questions for a definition of object-oriented programming.
There are fundamental similarities and difference between computational programming and packages. A computer program are the set of instructions behind a specific application or software. A package is set of software programs.