By Azhar uddin
University of Malakand Bs IT
Humans are social animals who depend on the interaction with others for daily needs this interaction is possible through a mutual network among them.
Throughout human history, people, with few exceptions, have depended on the structure of
various community networks for safety, food, and companionship. People have been networking
for a very long time.
The ways in which humans interact are constantly changing. As technical developments
throughout history have come about, the methods of human communication have developed
as well. At one time, sounds and gestures were all humans used to communicate, but now
the internet allows people to instantaneously share all types of communication-documents,
pictures, sound, and video-with thousands of people near and far away using computers.
Networks Supporting the Way We Live
Just a few years ago, people communicated mostly on a local level because communicating
with people far away was complicated and expensive. People talked in person or used the
telephone for most voice communication, the postal service delivered most of the written
messages, and the television broadcast one-way video communication. Each of these methods
is still working, but all three of them are converging into web-based communication
technologies. The extended reach and the reduced cost of communication through the
Internet has changed the way businesses interact with their customers, the way people share
information and resources, and the way friends and families stay close to each other.
As with every advance in communication technology, the creation and interconnection of
robust data networks are having a profound effect. Early data networks were limited to
exchanging character-based information between connected computer systems. Current networks
have evolved to carry voice, video streams, text, and graphics between many different
types of devices. Previously separate and distinct communication forms have converged
onto a common platform. This platform provides access to a wide range of alternative and
new communication methods that enable people to interact directly with each other almost
instantaneously.
The use of the Internet spread quickly as connectivity became available in the 1990s. The
early users of the World Wide Web were mostly university researchers exchanging information,
but other people and businesses quickly figured out how to take advantage of webbased
communications. This sparked the creation of many new businesses and careers.
The immediate nature of communications over the Internet encourages the formation of
global communities. These communities foster social interaction that is independent of
location or time zone.
Technology is perhaps the most significant change agent in the world today, as it helps to
create a world in which national borders, geographic distances, and physical limitations
become less relevant and present ever-diminishing obstacles. The creation of online communities
for the exchange of ideas and information has the potential to increase productivity
opportunities across the globe. As the Internet connects people and promotes unfettered
communication, it presents the platform on which to run businesses, to address emergencies,
to inform individuals, and to support education, science, and government.
The Internet has quickly become an integral part of our daily routines. The complex interconnection
of electronic devices and media that comprises the network is transparent to the
millions of users who make it a valued and personal part of their lives.
Data networks that were once the transport of information from business to business are
now also used to improve the quality of life for people everywhere. In the course of a day,
resources available through the Internet can help you do the following:
â– Decide what to wear using online current weather conditions
â– Find the least-congested route to your destination, displaying weather and traffic video
from webcams
â– Check your bank balance and pay bills electronically
â– Receive and send e-mail at an Internet cafe over lunch
â– Obtain health information and nutritional advice from experts all over the world, and
post to a forum to share related health or treatment information
â– Download new recipes and cooking techniques to create a spectacular dinner
â– Post and share your photographs, home videos, and experiences with friends or with
the world
â– Use Internet phone services
â– Shop and sell at online auctions
â– Use instant messaging and chat for both business and personal use
Some of the popular communicating tools are:Instant messaging (IM) is not a new technology, but recent enhancements have increasedits user base. IM is real-time text communication between two or more users. Based on the
earlier service known as Internet Relay Chat (IRC), it has expanded to include voice, photo
and video sharing, and file transfers. IM is different from e-mail in that e-mail can be
delayed when sent, but IM is, as its name implies, instantaneous. IM is an increasingly popular
tool used by customer service centers to assist customers and friends in communicating
with each other.
The first generation of web use was as a place for people to find static information, educational
resources, and business information. But web content is changing from a place for
people to get information to a place for people to contribute information as well. The users
of the web are, in many ways, becoming the creators of the content. The emergence and use
of social software tools such as blogs, podcasts, and wikis enable the interaction and contribution
of users.
Blogs, also known as weblogs, are web pages where people can publish their personal opinions
and thoughts about any conceivable topic. Blogs, for better or worse, allow unfiltered
and unedited publication of ideas from experts and nonexperts alike. This is important
because it demonstrates a shift from reliance on traditional media content from experts to a
reliance on other users to provide their personal knowledge.
Podcasting is an audio-based medium that originally enabled people to record audio and
convert it for use with iPods-small, portable devices for audio playback manufactured by
Apple. The ability to record audio and save it to a computer file is not new. However, podcasting
allows people to deliver their recordings to a wide audience. The audio file is placed
on a website (or blog or wiki), where others can download it and play the recording on their
computers, laptops, and iPods.
Wikis are another example of publicly created web content. Individuals create blogs, but
wiki web pages are created and edited by groups of people sharing information. The best
known example of a wiki is the Wikipedia, an online encyclopedia made up of public contributions
edited by public users. Thousands of people contribute their specialized knowledge
to the Wikipedia, and anyone can access the information at no cost. Many groups create
their own wikis for member instruction, and many organizations create limited wikis as
an internal collaboration tool. A collaboration tool is web-based software that allows people
to work together on a project over the web.
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The role of the data communication specialist is to take care of data processing network services and equipment related to such. Some responsibilities would include insulation, coordination and maintenance.
A neural network in machine learning is a computer system inspired by the human brain that processes information and learns patterns. It is used to analyze data, make predictions, and solve complex problems by mimicking the way neurons in the brain communicate with each other.
create the signals that represent the bits in each frame on to the media
the network layer is the same as the data link layer, they do the same thing. that is that they communicat with the network to send packets of data...
The network device that regenerates data signals without segmenting the network is a repeater. Repeaters are used to prevent attenuation of signals.