internal diagram of ic 7812
IC voltage regulator performs better than any analog voltage regulator. Some IC regulators IC no. are given below- Positive IC voltage regulator- 78xx Negative IC voltage regulator-79xx where xx varies according to the use of ICs raring. as 7805 gives the positive 5 Volt & 7905 gives the negative 5 volt.
Collector emittor and control I believe. The configuration depends on the IC though.
Operational amplifiers are usually bought as an i.c., but they may be constructed with discrete compenents too. By the way, since i.c. means integrated circuit, your "ic circuit" reads as "integrated circuit circuit".
7805is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of 78xx series of fixed linear voltage regulator ICs. The voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and would not give the fixed voltage output. The voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant value. The xx in 78xx indicates the fixed output voltage it is designed to provide. 7805 provides +5V regulated power supply. Capacitors of suitable values can be connected at input and output pins depending upon the respective voltage levels.Pin Diagram:Pin Description:Pin NoFunctionName1Input voltage (5V-18V)Input2Ground (0V)Ground3Regulated output; 5V (4.8V-5.2V)Output
smart card and IC card or ICC cards are same things.These are a cradit card size cards which have an IC chip which can process the data .