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Network topology is the physical design of a LAN which resolves the conflict that occurs between computers on the network attempting to transmit at the same time. Whereas protocols are the standards used by networks to permit communication between network-connected devices. -s74
what is difference between communication and transport
Replicated services can be implemented as process groups. Member processes use group communication protocols to communicate amongst themselves and group membership protocols to determine what processes are in the group. These protocols can provide various levels of consistency between members. The author investigates weak consistency protocols that guarantee that messages are delivered to all members, but do not guarantee when. He reports on a new family of communication protocols, an associated group membership mechanism, and current progress in evaluating their efficiency and utility for real applications.
-Unacknowledged connectionless service consists of having the source machine send independent frames to the destination machine without having the destination machine acknowledged. Most LAN's use this service. -Acknowledged connectionless service in this service there are no logical connections used but each frame sent individually acknowledged. In this way the sender knows whether a frame has arrived correctly. It is useful on wireless systems.
difference between ip address and class