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What is mat foundation?
"The mat (or raft) foundation can be considered a large footing extending over a great area, frequently an entire building. All vertical structural loadings from columns and alls are supported on the common foundation. Typically, the mat is utilized for conditions where a preliminary design indicates that individual columns or footings would be undesirably close together or try to overlap. The mat is frequently utilitzed as a method to reduce or distribute building loads in order to reduce differential settlement between adjacent areas. To function properly, the mat structure will be more rigid and thicker than individual spread footing." A mat foundation is typically used when there are poor and weak soil conditions. (McCarthy, 2007)
Difference between deep and shallow foundation?
Shallow foundation: A type of foundation that is used when the earth directly beneath a structure has sufficient bearing capacity to sustain the loads from the structure Deep foundation: A type of foundation that is used when the soil near the ground surface is weak. 1. Light, flexible structure: older residential construction, residential construction which include a basement, and in many commercial structures, 2. Nice soil condition: hard, uniform soil. 3. Cheaper than deep foundation 4. Easier construction 5. Typically types: spreading footing foundation, slab-on-grade foundation, pad foundation, strip foundation, and raft foundation. Spreading footing foundation: controlled by several factors: lateral and vertical capacity, penetration through near surface layers likely to change volume due to frost heave or shrink-swell. Mat-slab foundation: the distribution of loads in a mat slab helps reduce differential settlement due to the non-uniform building loads 1. Heavy, rigid structure: other uncommon building, such as large bridge, tower, and the Empire State Building. 2. Poor soil condition: liquefaction, soft clay and sands. 3. Typically more expansive 4. More complex to construct and more time than shallow foundation. 5. Typically types: battered piles, bearing piles, caissons, and friction piles. Friction piles: Friction piles obtain a greater part of their carrying capacity by skin friction or adhesion. This tends to occur when piles do not reach an impenetrable stratum but are driven for some distance into a penetrable soil. Their carrying capacity is derived partly from end bearing and partly from skin friction between the embedded surface of the soil and the surrounding soil. End bearing piles: End bearing piles are those which terminate in hard, relatively impenetrable material such as rock or very dense sand and gravel. They derive most of their carrying capacity from the resistance of the stratum at the toe of the pile.
What is jet grouting?
Jet grouting is a type of ground improvement technique used to solidify and/or improve the bearing capacity of weak, unstable, or liquefiable soils. Jet grouting is performed by injecting a cement or lime-ash slurry into the subsoil using a drilling rig. As the grout column expands and solidifies the subsoil is consolidated and stabilized. This method of soil improvement allows foundation and structural construction in locations where previous geotechnical or seismic conditions deterred development..
What are the disadvantages of fly ash bricks over fire clay bricks?
fly ash brick have light weight over the clay brick... but the mechanical bonding strength is weak but this can be rectified by adding marble waste....this s one of the disadvn
Why is concrete weak in tension?
Concrete is strong in compression, as the aggregate efficiently carries the compression load. However, it is weak in tension as the cement holding the aggregate in place can crack, allowing the structure to fail. Reinforced concrete solves these problems by adding metal reinforcing bars, glass fiber, or plastic fiber to carry tensile loads
Do buildings and homes cave in during a tornado?
Yes, tornadoes can cause buildings and homes to collapse due to the high winds and debris they carry. Structures with weak foundations or poorly constructed buildings are more at risk of caving in during a tornado. It is important for buildings in tornado-prone areas to have proper construction and reinforcement to increase their resilience.
What are causes of building collapse during an earthquake?
Building collapse during an earthquake can be caused by several factors including poor construction practices, inadequate structural design, use of substandard materials, lack of maintenance, and ground failure such as soil liquefaction or landslides. Additionally, the intensity and duration of the earthquake, as well as the proximity of the building to the epicenter, can also contribute to its collapse.
If your bones get weak do you get shorter?
You can get shorter as a result of weak bones if the vertebrae in the spine collapse.
Do tornadoes cause damage because they cause homes and buildings to cave in?
Tornadoes can cause houses and other buildings to collapse, but most are not strong enough to do that. A typical tornado can tear away parts of roofs, break windows, and topple trees. Entire roofs and walls can go airborne in stronger tornadoes. Weak structures impacted by strong tornadoes often get blown away rather than collapsing. In very violent tornadoes the same thing can happen to well constructed houses.
How can you use the word collapse in a sentence?
Mine shafts are often weak and can collapse. After working for 48 hours without a break, he was about to collapse.
What of these was a cause of the great depression?
The boom of the 1920's rested on a weak foundation since the prosperity was not enjoyed by all economic groups.
What kind of structures suffer the most severe damage from a earthquake?
Unreinforced masonry buildings, soft-story buildings, and buildings with weak foundations are among the types of structures that can suffer the most severe damage during an earthquake. These structures are more vulnerable to collapse or extensive damage due to their lack of structural reinforcement or design flaws that make them susceptible to ground shaking.
What makes a bottle collapse?
A bottle can collapse if there is a significant change in pressure inside the bottle compared to the pressure outside, causing the walls of the bottle to buckle inwards. This can happen if the bottle is not able to withstand the pressure differential, or if it is made of a weak material. Additionally, extreme temperatures or physical impacts can also cause a bottle to collapse.
What do tornadoes do to towns?
The degree of impact from tornadoes varies considerably. A weak tornado may cause minor damage to buildings, down trees, and cause power outages. In the worst cases tornadoes have been known to destroy entire towns, leaving only a handful of buildings standing, if any.
Why does polluted rain erodes limestones buildings?
Industrial air pollution is thought to form a weak acid with rain. Even such a weak acid is able to erode limestone buildings.
How do buildings brake when they fall?
Buildings break when they fall due to a combination of structural elements failing, such as columns, beams, and connections, as well as the force of gravity causing the building to collapse. Failure may occur at weak points in the structure or from an overload of weight or stress, leading to progressive collapse or sudden failure. The specific mode of failure can vary based on the building's design, materials, and the circumstances of the collapse.
How does acid rain affect buildings?
it makes them weak and they break apart
