In scientific experiments, the variables may be changed.
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Variables, parameters, equipment, methodology, sample size, and data analysis can all be adjusted in a scientific experiment to test different hypotheses or improve the reliability of the results.
The scientific term that could describe the group of prisoners who changed their diet in Goldberger's experiment is the "experimental group." This group would be compared to a control group to determine the effects of the changed diet.
In a scientific experiment, the independent variable is what is intentionally changed or manipulated by the researcher. The dependent variable is the factor that responds or changes as a result of the manipulation of the independent variable.
I assume the term for something that is not changed during an experiment is called, the control. Any changes observed in the experiment, can be compare to the control, which is still be in the original form before the experiment began.
The factor in an experiment that is changed on purpose is called the independent variable. This variable is manipulated by the researcher to observe its effect on the dependent variable. It is the cause being studied in the experiment.
The results of a scientific experiment are typically referred to as data or findings. These results provide the information needed to analyze the experiment's outcome and draw conclusions.