mud and saliva
Bluebirds sometimes build more than one nest, as a diversion to predators.
The doctor bird uses silk from the spider web to build their nest.
rocks
Pigeons could use a wide variation of materials for the nest. The basic material are twigs. But nest made with cigarette butt have been seen.
The owl likely used tree branches (abiotic component) to build a safe nest in its ecosystem.
No they build a new nest for each brood. However they may use the same nest site year after year.
No. They make a new one for each brood but if you take out the old nest after the young have left the nest they may make a new in that birdhouse.
No. They build a new nest each year because of safety, health, and instinct reasons.
All birds build their nests differently, so their really is no straight answer. You would need to specify the type of bird. Examples: Eagles will build their nest with big sticks, and chickadees line theirs with moss. Weaver birds weave little hanging domes completely out of grasses, robing use sticks grass and mud, and humming birds usually use things like moss, down, fur and dryer lint.
they use bricks
They pick anything they can find which is suitable.