The majority of prokaryotic respiration reactions take place in the cell's cytoplasm, particularly glycolysis and fermentation processes. The electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation reactions typically occur in the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells.
Disadvantages of fermentation compared to aerobic and anaerobic respiration include lower energy yield per glucose molecule, production of lactic acid or ethanol as byproducts which can be toxic in large amounts, and limited sustainability for sustaining prolonged energy production due to the buildup of fermentation byproducts.
Anaerobic catabolism of organic nutrients is called fermentation. This process enables cells to produce energy in the absence of oxygen by converting organic compounds into simpler molecules such as ethanol or lactic acid.
Fermentation takes place in the cytoplasm of cells. It does not occur in a specific organelle like the mitochondria or the chloroplasts.
Fermentation primarily occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. However, in some organisms like yeast, fermentation can also take place in specialized organelles called peroxisomes or mitochondria. These specialized compartments help regulate the process of fermentation and its byproducts.
The Cytoplasm
Alcoholic fermentation: occurs in yeast and some bacteria, where sugars are converted into alcohol and carbon dioxide. Lactic acid fermentation: takes place in muscle cells and some bacteria, converting sugars into lactic acid to produce energy in the absence of oxygen.
Lactic acid fermentation takes place in the mitochondria of muscle cells.
In the cytoplasm
It's causes lactic acid fermentation to take place, which causes a build up of lactic acid. Only 2 ATP are made in oppose to the 34-38 made by aerobic respiration through cellular respiration
The majority of prokaryotic respiration reactions take place in the cell's cytoplasm, particularly glycolysis and fermentation processes. The electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation reactions typically occur in the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells.
There are two types of fermentation usually studied in Biology: Alcoholic Fermentation and Lactic Acid Fermentation. Both types have the same reactants: Pyruvic acid and NADH, both of which are products of glycolysis.
Carbohydrates are broken down through glycolysis to produce pyruvate. When there is insufficient oxygen present, pyruvate is converted to lactic acid through the process of lactic acid fermentation in order to regenerate NAD+ for continued energy production in the absence of oxygen.
Lactic acid in water undergoes hydrolysis to form lactate ions and hydronium ions (H3O+). This reaction is reversible and is favored in aqueous solution.
Fermentation typically takes place in the cells of the muscles during strenuous exercise when there is not enough oxygen available for aerobic respiration. It can also occur in the digestive system during the breakdown of carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen.
Lactic acid is formed from pyruvic acid (often referred to as the ion, pyruvate, as the acid ion predominates at physiological pH values).The reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme called lactate dehydrogenase. It involves the addition of two hydrogen atoms to convert pyruvate into lactate.These H atoms are provided by the coenzyme NADH.The pyruvate is the product of a series of anaerobic cell respiration reactions called glycolysis, which take place in the cytoplasm. Glycolysis converts a molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, with a net gain of two ATP molecules. In the course of glycolysis NAD+ is reduced to NADH. The conversion of pyruvate into lactate oxidizes the NADH, recycling it and so enabling glycolysis to continue.
Lactic acid fermentation takes place in human muscle cells when strenuous exercise causes temporary oxygen shortages.