restriction endonucleases.
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DNA can become fragmented due to various factors, including exposure to radiation, chemicals, or certain enzymes that break the DNA strands. Physical forces such as mechanical stress or shearing can also cause DNA fragmentation. In addition, natural cellular processes like DNA replication or repair can lead to DNA fragmentation as well.
DNA precipitates and spools on a rod when it is mixed with alcohol. The alcohol causes the DNA to become less soluble in the solution, forcing it out of solution and forming a solid precipitate. The physical properties of the alcohol and DNA molecules are key factors in this separation process.
Pseudogene.
The fragments making up the noncontinuous strand in DNA replication are called Okazaki fragments. These are short DNA fragments that are synthesized discontinuously on the lagging strand during DNA replication.
The phosphate group in the DNA backbone has a negative charge due to its phosphate ions. This negative charge causes the DNA molecule to move towards the positive pole in processes such as gel electrophoresis.
When a successful cell transformation occurs, the recombinant DNA is integrated into the host cell's genome. This allows the host cell to produce the desired protein encoded by the recombinant DNA. The transformed cell can now replicate and pass on the recombinant DNA to its daughter cells during cell division.