Enzymes are biological molecules that catalyze (i.e., increase the rates of) chemical reactions. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process, called substrates, are converted into different molecules, called products.
Almost all chemical reactions in a biological cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates sufficient for life. Since enzymes are selective for their substrates and speed up only a few reactions from among many possibilities, the set of enzymes made in a cell determines which metabolic pathways occur in that cell.
Enzymes are known to catalyze about 4,000 biochemical reactions.
The suffix -ase indicates an enzyme, e.g. proteinase, dehydrogenase, hydrogenase, polymerase.
The term for an enzyme's shape changing so it can no longer work is denaturation. This can be caused by factors such as high temperature, extreme pH, or exposure to certain chemicals. Once denatured, the enzyme loses its specific shape and can no longer function properly.
Temperature: Enzyme activity can be controlled by adjusting the temperature, as most enzymes have an optimal temperature at which they function best. pH: Enzyme activity is also influenced by the pH of the environment, and maintaining an appropriate pH level can help regulate enzyme function. Inhibitors: Enzyme activity can be inhibited by specific molecules that bind to the enzyme and prevent it from carrying out its catalytic function. This can be used as a way to control enzyme activity in biological systems.
The active site of an enzyme is the three-dimensional part of the enzyme molecule where the catalytic reaction takes place. It is a specific region that binds to the substrate and facilitates the chemical reaction to occur. The active site provides a suitable environment for the reaction to proceed efficiently.
Regulate enzyme synthesis through gene expression. Modulate enzyme activity through allosteric regulation or competitive inhibition. Adjust enzyme activity through post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation or methylation.
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The function of an enzyme is dependent on the shape of the enzyme. The structure and shape determines what the enzyme can do.
A change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene