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In molecular Biology and genetics, mutations are changes in a genomic sequence: the DNA sequence of a cell's genome or the DNA or RNA sequence of a virus. They can be defined as sudden and spontaneous changes in the cell. Mutations are caused by radiation, viruses, transpositions and mutagen chemicals, as well as errors that occur during meiosis or DNA replication.[1][2][3] They can also be induced by the organism itself, by cellular processes such as hyper mutation.
Mutation can result in several different types of change in sequences;(DNA) these can either have no effect, alter the product of a gene, or prevent the gene from functioning properly or completely. Studies in the fly Philosophic melanoma suggest that if a mutation changes a protein produced by a gene, this will probably be harmful, with about 70 percent of these mutations having damaging effects, and the remainder being either neutral or weakly beneficial.[4] Due to the damaging effects that mutations can have on genes, organisms have mechanisms such as DNA repair to remove mutations.[1]
Therefore, the optimal mutation rate for a species is a trade-off between costs of a high mutation rate, such as deleterious mutations, and the metabolic costs of maintaining systems to reduce the mutation rate, such as DNA repair enzymes.[5] Viruses that use RNA as their genetic material have rapid mutation rates,[6] which can be an advantage since these viruses will evolve constantly and rapidly, and thus evade the defensive responses of e.g. the human immune system.[7]
Mutations in DNA can lead to changes in the amino acid sequence of a protein, altering its structure and function. This can affect the protein's ability to interact with other molecules, its stability, or its enzymatic activity, resulting in a dysfunctional protein. These changes can have various effects on cell function and can sometimes lead to diseases.
The genetic code is transcribed and read in Tripletts. Each triplett represents an amino acid, the building block of proteins.
Through Insertion or Deletion of a nucletid in the DNA, a frame shift will happen and the protein builder (ribosomes) will read nonsense tripletts. Thus every amino acid that is encoded by the sequence behind the mutation is a false one and the protein is most likely to be infunctional and is degraded suddenly.
Through replication failures one nucleotide may be replaced by one other. Thus just one (or none) amino acid is a false one. In most cases this won't stop the function of the protein, but it could affect it's speed or binding affinity.
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How can mutations affect protein synthesis in cells What is the result?
Mutations can result in changes to the DNA sequence, leading to changes in the mRNA sequence during transcription. This can cause changes in the amino acid sequence during translation, potentially altering the structure and function of the resulting protein. The result can be a dysfunctional or altered protein, affecting the cell's ability to carry out its normal functions.
Why can missenes mutations not have an effect on protein function?
Missense mutations can have an effect on protein function by changing the amino acid sequence of the protein, which can alter its structure and function. Even though missense mutations may not always lead to significant changes in protein function, they can still impact protein activity, stability, or interactions with other molecules. The impact of missense mutations on protein function depends on the specific amino acid change and its location within the protein.
What term is defined as a change in the DNA structure of a cell in which the instructions for making a particular protein are affected?
A mutation is defined as a change in the DNA structure of a cell in which the instructions for making a particular protein are affected. Mutations can lead to altered protein production, which may result in changes in cellular function or contribute to genetic disorders.
Why do some kinds of point mutations cause greater changes in proteins than others?
Some point mutations can cause greater changes in proteins because they involve substitutions of amino acids with very different properties (e.g., charge or size), leading to significant alterations in protein structure and function. In contrast, other point mutations may result in amino acid substitutions with similar properties, causing minimal changes to the protein. Additionally, the location of the mutation within the protein sequence can also influence the degree of impact on protein function.
How a mutation during replication can affect a protein that is synthesized?
A mutation during replication can lead to changes in the DNA sequence, which can consequently result in changes in the amino acid sequence of the corresponding protein. These changes can alter the protein's structure, function, or stability, ultimately affecting its overall biological activity. Depending on the nature and location of the mutation, the protein may exhibit loss of function, gain of function, or be unaffected.
Mutations that cause dramatic changes in protein structure are often?
Mutations that cause dramatic changes in protein structure are often deleterious and can lead to dysfunctional or nonfunctional proteins. These mutations can disrupt the overall folding, stability, and function of the protein, resulting in a loss of its normal biological activity or causing harmful effects on the organism.
How can mutations affect protein synthesis in cells What is the result?
Mutations can result in changes to the DNA sequence, leading to changes in the mRNA sequence during transcription. This can cause changes in the amino acid sequence during translation, potentially altering the structure and function of the resulting protein. The result can be a dysfunctional or altered protein, affecting the cell's ability to carry out its normal functions.
What are examples of mutations and describe the consequences?
Examples of mutations include point mutations (substitution, insertion, deletion), chromosomal mutations (duplication, deletion, inversion, translocation), and silent mutations. These mutations can lead to various consequences such as changes in protein structure and function, genetic disorders, and cancer.
Will cells with mutations always make normal proteins?
Cells with mutations may not always produce normal proteins. Mutations can alter the DNA sequence, which may result in changes to the structure or function of the protein produced. These changes can lead to abnormal protein function, which can impact cellular processes and potentially contribute to disease.
Why can missenes mutations not have an effect on protein function?
Missense mutations can have an effect on protein function by changing the amino acid sequence of the protein, which can alter its structure and function. Even though missense mutations may not always lead to significant changes in protein function, they can still impact protein activity, stability, or interactions with other molecules. The impact of missense mutations on protein function depends on the specific amino acid change and its location within the protein.
How does a mutation change the events at the ribosome?
Mutations can alter the sequence of amino acids in a protein, which can affect the protein's structure and function. This can impact the protein's ability to interact with the ribosome and other molecules involved in protein synthesis, potentially leading to changes in the efficiency or accuracy of protein production.
What term is defined as a change in the DNA structure of a cell in which the instructions for making a particular protein are affected?
A mutation is defined as a change in the DNA structure of a cell in which the instructions for making a particular protein are affected. Mutations can lead to altered protein production, which may result in changes in cellular function or contribute to genetic disorders.
Why do some kinds of point mutations cause greater changes in proteins than others?
Some point mutations can cause greater changes in proteins because they involve substitutions of amino acids with very different properties (e.g., charge or size), leading to significant alterations in protein structure and function. In contrast, other point mutations may result in amino acid substitutions with similar properties, causing minimal changes to the protein. Additionally, the location of the mutation within the protein sequence can also influence the degree of impact on protein function.
How a mutation during replication can affect a protein that is synthesized?
A mutation during replication can lead to changes in the DNA sequence, which can consequently result in changes in the amino acid sequence of the corresponding protein. These changes can alter the protein's structure, function, or stability, ultimately affecting its overall biological activity. Depending on the nature and location of the mutation, the protein may exhibit loss of function, gain of function, or be unaffected.
How can mutation in DNA affect what proteins are made by the cell?
Mutations in DNA can lead to changes in the sequence of amino acids in a protein, affecting its structure and function. This can result in altered protein function, loss of function, or gain of new function, impacting cellular processes and potentially leading to diseases.
What can cause mutations in the DNA structure?
Mutations in DNA can be caused by errors during DNA replication, exposure to mutagenic agents such as chemicals, radiation, or viruses, and spontaneous changes due to cellular processes. These mutations can lead to changes in the genetic code, potentially impacting protein function and biological processes.
How is tertiary protein structure dependent on primary protein structure?
Tertiary protein structure is dependent on the primary structure because the sequence of amino acids in the primary structure determines how the protein will fold into its three-dimensional shape. The interactions between the side chains of amino acids in the sequence dictate the final structure of the protein in its functional form. Any changes or mutations in the primary structure can result in alterations to the tertiary structure and impact the protein's function.
