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Does an increase or decrease in potassium extracellular ions hyperpolarize a cell?
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What effect does potassium have on the resting potential of a cardiac cell?
Hyperkalemia is an increase in extracellular K. Driving force of an ion depends on two factors, voltage and concentration gradient. For K voltage gradient is pushing K into the cell but the concentration gradient is driving K out of the cell. However, the total driving force for K is out of the cell because the concentration gradient is that strong. When there is an increase in K on the outside, the driving force for K decreases.The equilibrium potential for K is -95mV. This means if K was freely permeable to the cell's membrane, it would reach equilibrium at -95mV. Another way to look at this is that efflux of K is the same as influx of K and the cell's new resting membrane potential would increase from a normal value of -70mV to -95mV. Note that I said it would increase even though the value became more negative. This is because the change in membrane potential has increased.Since the driving force of K has decreased, the equilibrium potential has also decreased. From a value of -95mV it is decreased to let's just say -80mV. Since a normal resting membrane potential is regularly -70mV, the decrease in equilibrium potential of K has decreased this resting membrane potential to say -60mV now. This is a depolarization of the cell.If this process happens quickly, it will depolarize the cell to the threshold value and you will have an action potential. However, if the hyperkalemia is severe, the cell will stay depolarized because the K equilibrium has decreased to a point where the cell cannot hyperpolarize back to threshold or resting membrane potential.If this process happens slowly, the inactivation gates of the sodium voltage-gated channels will automatically shut and the cell cannot depolarize even if it reaches threshold values. It must hyperpolarize back to resting membrane potential and the inactivation gates of the sodium voltage-gated channel will reopen.
Excess blood potassium hyperkalemia is removed by increasing secretion of the hormone which stimulates an increase in the secretion of potassium by cells within the?
Excess blood potassium (hyperkalemia) is typically removed by increasing the secretion of aldosterone. Aldosterone stimulates the kidneys to increase the secretion of potassium by cells within the kidney nephrons, promoting the excretion of excessive potassium from the body through urine.
Stimulation of the aortic baroreceptors results in what?
Stimulation of the aortic baroreceptors results in an increase in action potential frequency, which sends signals to the brain to decrease sympathetic activity and increase parasympathetic activity. This leads to a decrease in heart rate, vasodilation, and a decrease in blood pressure.
What is the result of intrapulmonary volume increase?
An increase in intrapulmonary volume leads to a decrease in air pressure within the lungs. This decrease in pressure creates a pressure gradient, causing air to flow into the lungs during inhalation.
A sodium channel blocker would increasedecreaseserum sodium levels outside of normal resting nerve cells?
A sodium channel blocker would decrease serum sodium levels outside of normal resting nerve cells. Sodium channel blockers inhibit the influx of sodium ions into cells, leading to decreased extracellular sodium levels.
Does an increase in ECF K plus level increase heart rate?
Potassium levels DECREASE heart rate, and maybe lead to severe cardiac arrest.and for sure, this is a mechanism of how potassium level in ECF can decrease heart rate:first, the potassium level increase in ECF making its efflux increase, due to activation of potassium channels in pacemaker cells, then the slope of pacemaker action potential will decrease, which means that the duration of one beat is prolonged, and this lead to decrease the numbers of beats in one minute, which by turn means that the heart rate is decreased.
Does the pH of the solution increase decrease or stay the same when you add solid potassium chloride to dilute solution of potassium hydroxide?
The pH of the solution will decrease when solid potassium chloride is added to a dilute solution of potassium hydroxide. This is because potassium chloride is a neutral salt that will not affect the pH significantly, while potassium hydroxide is a strong base. The addition of more chloride ions will reduce the concentration of hydroxide ions in the solution, leading to a decrease in pH.
Does the solubility of potassium nitrate in water increase or decrease as the temperature rises?
The solubility of potassium nitrate in water increases as the temperature rises. This is because heating water increases the energy of its molecules, allowing them to break apart the solid potassium nitrate more effectively and dissolve it.
How does potassium affect osmotic pressure?
Potassium ions contribute to osmotic pressure by affecting the concentration of solutes in a solution. When potassium ions are present in a solution, they increase the overall solute concentration, which in turn increases the osmotic pressure of the solution. This means that higher levels of potassium can lead to an increase in osmotic pressure.
An explosion casualty suffering from crush injuries of the lower extremities has been admitted to your hospital with severe hyperkalemia What emergency treatment is recommended?
Limit mannitol, administer glucose-insulin drip, calcium chloride and/or sodium bicarbonateDO NOT LIMIT LIQUIDS!Treatment of hyperkalemia may include any of the following measures, either singly or in combination:A diet low in potassium (for mild cases).Discontinue medications that increase blood potassium levels.Intravenous administration of glucose and insulin, which promotes movement of potassium from the extracellular space back into the cells.Intravenous calcium to temporarily protect the heart and muscles from the effects of hyperkalemia.Sodium bicarbonate administration to counteract acidosis and to promote movement of potassium from the extracellular space back into the cells.Diuretic administration to decrease the total potassium stores through increasing potassium excretion in the urine. It is important to note that most diuretics increase kidney excretion of potassium. Only the potassium-sparing diuretics mentioned above decrease kidney excretion of potassium.Medications that stimulate beta-2 adrenergic receptors, such as albuterol and epinephrine, have also been used to drive potassium back into cells.Medications known as cation-exchange resins, which bind potassium and lead to its excretion via the gastrointestinal tract.Dialysis, particularly if other measures have failed or if renal failure is present.
Does x increase or decrease making the y increase or decrease?
no. :)
Do you increase or decrease in mass?
I do not have physical form or mass, so I do not increase or decrease in mass.
What is in the middle of decrease and increase?
The midpoint between decrease and increase is stability or equilibrium, where there is neither a decrease nor an increase occurring.
Does increase of inventory increase or decrease cash flow?
When adjusting your cash flow statement, you increase (add) a decrease of inventory and decrease (subtract) an increase of inventory
Do machines increase or decrease work?
they increase productivity but decrease jobs
What is decrease increase?
Increase means to get more and decrease means to get less
What is algebraic symbol of decrease and increase?
< = decrease > = increase
