No. The water on the road won't make your vehicle stall.
NO it will not.
A thermostat cannot stall a vehicle directly. If your thermostat fails and will not open properly your vehicle will likely overheat. Overheating can do some very serious damage to your engine and the damage from the overheat can definitely disable the engine. Costly repairs or possibly replacement of the entire could be the result of a severe overheat. So, while your thermostat cannot directly stall your vehicle it may cause an overheat that could verywell stall your vehicle. That said, there are many cars today whose computers will deliberately limit the engines performance in the case of an overheat to help warn you of the problem, and give you time to get off the road before serious damage occurs. I am not aware that any manufacturers actually want the computer to shut the car down entirely upon an overheat as that could easily leave you stranded in traffic lanes. If someone knows different, perhaps they will answer.
yes
A problem in the fuel line could cause it to stall. On a stick shift, letting off the clutch too soon would cause the vehicle to stall.
Even a good EGR valve may cause an engine to stall in hot weather.
yes it will has to do with back pressure exhaust from the engine
AC runs on the battery. If the car is off and you run the AC, then start the car, it will stall.
Yes
Yes, a catalytic converter can cause a vehicle to vibrate and stall. It will do this when it gets plugged because it causes the fuel mix to be disturbed.
yes if your vehicle over heats
The actual removal of the thermostat will not cause this condition but if you possibly disconnected a vacuum hose white changing the thermostat, WOULD cause that problem. Check all of the vacuum hoses to make sure they are connected and tight.