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A speaker has a minimum rated (reactive) impedance, which varies depending on frequency. This impedance is measured in ohms. Speakers typically are rated 4 or 8 ohms, as well as having a watts rating. As an example, an 8 ohm 32 watt speaker would require an input of 16 volts RMS to develop full power. Again, that impedance varies, and 8 ohms is the minimum over the rated frequency range.

Amplifiers have rating too. This is usually expressed as a certain power into a certain impedance. Again, that works out to a certain voltage and current as well. In order to maximize the power capability of the amplifier, the speakers must match the required impedance. If the speaker does not match, then the amplifier may reach either its maximum voltage range or its maximum current range prior to delivering full power so, it is really necessary to match the stated impedance of the amplifier to the speaker, otherwise you won't develop full power, and you might damage the amplifier.

If you have an 8 ohm amplifer, and 4 ohm speakers, you can put two speakers in series. Conversely, if you have a 4 ohm amplifier, and 8 ohm speakers, you can put two speakers in parallel. The two speakers would split the power, so they can be less expensive.

As an example, one older configuration, known as the "sweet sixteen", consists of 16 eight ohm midrange speakers wired in four sets of four. Each set is wired in series, and the sets are wired in parallel. The resulting impedance is 8 ohms and, since there is a large surface area, the output is very effective in the midrange. Couple that with two 15 inch woofers, and you have a very nice speaker system capable of handling considerable power.

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Q: How does ohm loads work with speakers?
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