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It is a reform of the Julian calendar, which loses a day every 128 years. The Gregorian calendar loses a day every 3200 years, making it 25 times more accurate.
The difference is the accuracy of mathematical computation of the length of the day, in essence. The Roman calendar was fairly accurate (considering the computation tools of the time, quite accurate), but over a period of many years, it was off by a period of (then) ten days. The Gregorian calendar proposal used more precise mathematics, and deduced that the calendar had lost ten days since the calendar of Rome was established. The calendar was jumped forward ten days (it's a long story). The current (Gregorian) calendar is accurate to about one day every several thousand years.
Your calendar is based upon a solar calendar located in a Christian temple. There is a hole in the sealing that light from the sun shines down in, and a ray of light moves along the calendar written on the floor of the temple. Because of its faults they created the leap year. I think this is located in the Vatican city.
A Chinese calendar is a lunisolar calendar, so based on the moon and the sun's year. It is also based on a 12 year cycle using 12 different animals.
no. the sun does not move. Our calendar is based on how long it takes for the earth to move around the sun