Edwin Hubble measured the distance to the Andromeda Galaxy using Cepheid variable stars as standard candles. By observing how the brightness of these stars changed over time, he could determine their true brightness and then calculate their distance based on their apparent brightness. This allowed him to estimate the vast distance to the Andromeda Galaxy.
The surface temperature and the absolute magnitude, which is the brightness of the star when viewed from a standard distance of 10 parsecs.
No, the stars in the Big Dipper are not all the same brightness. They vary in brightness due to differences in their size, temperature, and distance from Earth. The two stars at the front of the "bowl" are typically the brightest.
Two factors that determine the brightness of a star are its size (larger stars are generally brighter) and its distance from Earth (closer stars appear brighter).
Brightness of stars (apparent and absolute magnitude) is measured by convention, taking an another star as a standard.
Absolute Brightness .
Edwin Hubble measured the distance to the Andromeda Galaxy using Cepheid variable stars as standard candles. By observing how the brightness of these stars changed over time, he could determine their true brightness and then calculate their distance based on their apparent brightness. This allowed him to estimate the vast distance to the Andromeda Galaxy.
The idea is that CERTAIN TYPES of stars, including certain variable stars (such as Cepheids) have a known brightness; so if you observe their apparent brightness, you can calculate their distance.
A "standard candle" in astronomy is an object whose luminosity (its true brightness, not just how bright it seems to us) can be estimated, based on characteristics of that type of object. Then its distance can be estimated from its "apparent magnitude". The stars called "Cepheid variables" are a good example. The rate at which their brightness varies is closely linked to their luminosity.
by temperature, size, brightness, distance and color
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That is called "absolute brightness" or "absolute magnitude". It is defined as how bright a star would look at a standard distance (10 parsec, to be precise). The brightness of stars can vary a lot; some stars (supergiants) are millions of times as bright as our Sun, others (red dwarves) are thousands of times less bright. (Our Sun is in the top 10 percentile, though.)
The surface temperature and the absolute magnitude, which is the brightness of the star when viewed from a standard distance of 10 parsecs.
The intrinsic brightness of a star is called its absolute magnitude. This is a measure of how bright a star would appear if it were located at a standard distance of 10 parsecs (32.6 light-years) from Earth.
"Apparent magnitude" is the star's brightness after the effects of distance. "Absolute magnitude" is the star's brightness at a standard distance.
No, the stars in the Big Dipper are not all the same brightness. They vary in brightness due to differences in their size, temperature, and distance from Earth. The two stars at the front of the "bowl" are typically the brightest.
Astronomers define star brightness in terms of apparent magnitude how bright the star appears from Earth and absolute magnitude how bright the star appears at a standard distance of 32.6 light-years, or 10 parsecs.