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Tornadoes can potentially form anywhere around the world, but they are most commonly observed in the central United States. However, there are some regions with very low occurrences of tornadoes, such as Antarctica and parts of the Arctic.
The winds are called Westerlies.
Maritime tropical and marine polar air masses are both maritime in nature, meaning they originate over bodies of water. They differ in temperature, with maritime tropical air masses being warm and humid, while marine polar air masses are cool and moist. Both air masses can influence weather patterns and bring changes in temperature and precipitation when they move over land.
Sunlight does not reach the deep ocean depths, underground caves, or areas in polar regions during winter when the sun does not rise for an extended period of time.
The northern lights were not discovered by one specific individual, as they have been observed by people living in high-latitude regions for centuries. However, the phenomenon was first described by the Greek philosopher Aristotle in the 4th century BCE.