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While NASA widely uses freeze drying, and it gained more of a public visibility as a result of the Space Program, the process origins actually can be traced back to the Incas in Peru. It was also widely used in WWII, as Nestle' perfected the process in 1938.
Astronauts did not freeze on the Moon because there is no atmosphere to conduct heat away from their bodies. Additionally, the spacesuits they wore were equipped with heating systems to regulate their body temperature.
Astronauts take pre-packaged, shelf-stable food like freeze-dried fruits, nuts, beef jerky, and specially packaged meats, sandwiches, and desserts. These foods are lightweight, easy to prepare, and have a long shelf life. Additionally, astronauts have access to a variety of beverages, including powdered drinks and coffee.
Over the past 50 years, the food that astronauts eat has evolved to be more varied, nutritious, and easier to prepare. Early astronauts primarily consumed freeze-dried or dehydrated foods, whereas now they have a wider selection of packaged meals and snacks. There is also an increased focus on ensuring the food is balanced, tasty, and tailored to each astronaut's individual preferences.
Astronauts eat a variety of specially-designed foods while in space, such as dehydrated fruits, vegetables, meats, and desserts. These foods are vacuum-sealed and freeze-dried to preserve them without refrigeration and are easy to rehydrate for consumption in microgravity. Additionally, astronauts can also enjoy beverages like coffee and tea in space.