They must infer its components and processes from the rocks they find on the surface, as well as other things they know about the solar system from both meteorites as well as the materials of the Earth. They study the chemical and mineral composition and structure of lunar rocks, and this can tell them what the interior looks like based on what they know about different mineral densities and melting points, etc., and how that fits into the current understanding of how the moon formed about 4.5 billion years ago.
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Scientists study a moon's interior using data from spacecraft missions, such as gravitational measurements and seismic data. By analyzing these data, scientists can infer the moon's composition, structure, and internal processes. Modeling techniques and computer simulations also help scientists understand the geological and geophysical characteristics of a moon's interior.
Isaac Newton
The predicate is "study people's dreams." It is the action that the scientist (subject) is performing in the sentence.
Scientist theorize that a planet-sized object collided with earth and the moon formed
Astronomers study celestial bodies, helio astronomers specifically study suns.
Astronomers study stars, moons, and planets. They observe, analyze, and interpret data gathered from telescopes and other instruments to learn more about the universe.