How did 1920's astronomer Edwin Hubble explain his observations that all light from distant galaxies exhibits the red-shift Doppler effect?

Answer 1

He concluded that all of space was expanding.

Answer2:

Hubble did not conclude that all space was expanding! Hubble concluded that he did not know what the redshift was.

1. "Red shifts represent Doppler effects, physical recession of the nebulae, or the action of some hitherto unrecognized principle in nature."

2. If the nebulae are stationary, the law of red shifts is sensibly linear ; red shifts are a constant multiple of distances. In other words, each unit of light path contributes the same amount of red shift.

3. On the other hand, if the nebulae are receding, and the dimming factors are applied, the scale of distances is altered, and the law of red shifts is no longer linear. The rate of expansion increases more and more rapidly with distance. The significance of this result becomes clear when the picture is reversed. Light that reaches us today left the distant nebulae far back in the dim past - hundreds of millions of years ago. When we say that the rate of expansion increases with distance, we are saying that long ago, the universe was expanding much faster than it is today ; that, for the last several million years at least, the rate of expansion has been slowing down. Therefore, the so-called "age of the universe," the time interval since the expansion began, is much shorter than the 1800 million years suggested by a linear law of red shifts. If the measures are reliable, the interval would be less than 1000 million years - a fraction of the age of the earth and comparable with the history of life on the earth. The nature of the expansion is permissible and, in fact, specifies certain types of possible worlds. But the time scale is probably not acceptable. Either the measures are unreliable or red shifts do not represent expansion of the universe.

Hubble admits to not knowing what the red shift is, he considers it a. Doppler effects, b. physical recession of the nebulae, or c. the action of some hitherto unrecognized principle in nature. The answer is c. the hitherto unrecognized principle in nature. The short answer is the red shift is the inverse of the refreaction coefficient, v/c= 1/n. The red shift is derived from the so-called "dark Energy", cP = cmV. Current Theories do not account for this because they do not recognize vector energy cP and Quaternion energy,

W = -vh/l + cP = -vp + cP

The red shift comes from the Continuity Condition where the centripetal force vp/r is balanced by the centrifugal force cDEL.P= -cp/r cos(P) thud

vp/r=cp/r cos(P) gives

v/c=cos(P) = 1/n

This is the hitherto unrecognized prijnciple of nature, the Divergence of the vector energy produces the anti-gravity force (centrifugal ) that prevents the gravitational collapse, the earth from falling into the sun and the electrons from falling into the nucleus. Newton and Einstein did not consider the energy, cP, associated with momentum P, that is the "Dark Energy". This energy cP is the particel energy with different velocities v=(GM/r)^.5 for mass; v=Alpha Z c for electrons; and v=c for photons. Mass n= c/v; electrons n= alpha Z; and photons n=1.