the amount of solar radiation/the surface area of atmosphere/8
Doppler radar, which even now is the most valuable tool in detecting and predicting tornadoes.
convex
A plano-concave lens is a type of lens that has one flat surface (plano) and one concave surface that curves inward. It causes light rays to diverge after passing through it, making it useful for applications that require spreading out light, such as reducing the intensity of a beam.
the position of the letter is curves
Reflectance curves show the reflectivity as a function of wavelengt.
Some major ground features and their typical spectral reflectance curves include vegetation, which shows high reflectance in the visible spectrum and low reflectance in the near-infrared spectrum; water, which has low reflectance across all wavelengths; soil, which typically has higher reflectance in the visible spectrum and lower reflectance in the near-infrared spectrum; and urban areas, which have varying spectral reflectance depending on surface materials like asphalt, concrete, and buildings.
Reflectance curves represent the amount of light that is reflected at different wavelengths across the spectrum. They depict how an object interacts with light by revealing its reflective properties and color appearance under various lighting conditions. Reflectance curves are commonly used in fields such as colorimetry, remote sensing, and materials science to characterize the spectral reflectance of objects.
very useful
If you do not receive a useful answer to this question please resubmit with greater elaboration about the meaning of the term 'alpha curves'.
Spectral reflectance measure a thin film's characteristics by reflecting light off the film and analyzing the resulting reflectance spectrum over a range of wavelengths. Light reflected from different interfaces of the film can be in- or out-of-phase so these reflections add or subtract, depending upon the wavelength of the light and the film's thickness and index. The result is intensity oscillations in the reflectance spectrum that are characteristic of the film.To determine the film's thickness, the software calculates a theoretical reflectance spectrum that matches as closely as possible to the measured spectrum. It begins with an initial guess for what the reflectance spectrum should look like, based on the nominal film stack. This includes information on the thickness and the refractive index of the different layers and the substrate that make up the sample. The theoretical reflectance spectrum is then adjusted by adjusting the film's properties until a best fit to the measured spectrum is found.This metrology can be used on thin film thickness measurement, even for transparent films.
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Radiance is the radiative flux emitted, reflected, transmitted, or received by a surface per unit solid angle. Reflectance is the ratio of the reflected radiance to the incident radiance on a surface. In essence, radiance measures the radiant power, while reflectance measures the efficiency of reflection.
Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function
They are very useful to scientists because it helps them see stars and planets better
Surface reflectance of materials can be measured using instruments such as spectrophotometers or colorimeters, which detect the amount of light reflected off a surface at different wavelengths. These instruments provide quantitative data on the reflectance properties of the material, which can be used to analyze its color and appearance characteristics. By comparing the reflected light to a reference standard, accurate measurements of surface reflectance can be obtained.
It creates a representation of something difficult to see.