What was the first mention of the devil and where?

Answer 1

Prior to the Babylonian Exile, Judaism had no heaven or hell - souls of the dead simply went to a place of rest, sheol, regardless of the life that had been led. There was no Satan and no angels. The notion of Satan entered Judaism during the Babylonian Exile, so no biblical Book written before that time contains any reference to Satan. Chronicles was actually written during the Exile, as a revision to the Deuteronomic History, and thus is the first book in The Bible to contain the name Satan. 1 Chronicles 21:1:

"And Satan stood up against Israel and provoked David to number Israel."

Because Kings (part of the Deuteronomic history) was written before the Exile, the corresponding passage contains no mention of Satan.

Another post-exilic reference to Satan is in the Book of Job, which introduces Satan, not yet as the adversary of God portrayed in later Christian belief, but as a 'son of God' or angel, whose role was to prove the righteousness of people by tempting them to do wrong. God twice gave Satan a challenge to have Job curse God, first by destroying his family and his property (1:8,11), then by afflicting him with a terrible disease. If Job cursed God, he would be judged as evil.

Also: in the King James Version, Psalms 109:6 refers to Satan, but the Hebrew Masoretic text (in English translation) for Psalm 109:6 refers to an Adversary, rather than Satan.

Evil is mentioned much earlier - in Genesis.

Answer 2

Matthew 4:1 when Jesus went into the desert and was tempted