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Well that would depend on the size of the asteroid, but a substantial asteroid is likely to cause massive localized damage and destruction of entire ecosystems, blotting out of the sun from dust particles thrown into the atmosphere, tidal waves/tsunamis, massive loss of human life if centered near populated areas, to name a few.
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What does modern science say could be done to avoid an asteroid's collision with planet earth?
Nothing can be done to alter the earth's trajectory (nor should it be done, as that would effect it's orbit around the sun) but several ideas have been presented to alter the course of an asteroid, or destroy it. One idea proposed by NASA is to attach thrusters to the surface of the asteroid and remotely guide the asteroid away from the earth. The more well supported idea is to simply blow it up with a nuclear ordinance carried by a Saturn V rocket. The concern with that idea is that neutron activated asteroid fragments might still enter the atmosphere and cause trouble. The key to either method would be early detection, as most asteroids move very quickly.
Is a magnitude 10.5 earthquake possible?
Yes, though it is unlikely to occur with any geologic forces that occur within the Earth. The moment magnitude scale is open-ended, with magnitudes calculated from the amount of energy released by an earthquake. The asteroid impact that wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago is believed to have triggered and earthquake with a magnitude of about 13.0, many times stronger than anything Earth could produce on its own.
What would happen if one of the layers of the earth vanished?
The Earth can't explode. Even if we blew up all the atomic weapons ever created, it wouldn't even put a dent in the earth. If you ignore the impossibility of it actually happening, and assume the earth exploded anyway, this is what would happen: The Moon and the dust left over from the Earth's explosion would continue on their orbit around the sun. If the explosion wasn't too strong, gravity would pull the dust back together to form a new planet. However if the explosion was strong enough, the fragments of the earth would be scattered to form a new asteroid belt, right where the Earth's orbit was.
How many satellites does the asteroid belt have?
the Asteroid belt has no satelites all the asteroids that make up the belt is another asteroids satelite so there would be thousands of satelites
How long will it be until the earth is uninhabitable?
You do not say what will harm the earth. The earth is a dynamic planet, if it did not have the processes which cause earthquakes and volcanoes it would be a dead planet. While earth stays dynamic, constantly active, it is the perfect place for us.
