Stoneware can be fired to higher temperatures. It is opaque and fairly waterproof when fired.
Porcelain can also be fired to high temperatures, it vitrifies and becomes very hard, even glassy.
There are as many variations between clays as there are bags of clay, but most fall into these categories
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Are you asking what kind of clay types there are? What can you make with clay? or what different processes there are for firing the clay?
To a potter it can mean searching for natural clay deposits of a kind that are best suited for making pottery.
The ceramic material you need, is the clay. Aside from that, you will also need a Kiln, a Pottery Wheel, Glaze, Sponges, Wax, Carving Tools, Knives, and Wire Clay Cutters.
Paint used to colour ceramics (clay) is called glaze.
you can use modeling clay, well at least that is what i used