The short term effect of exercise on the skeletal system are the synovial fluid gets warmer and becomes thinner which enables more movement to take place and you will become less likely to injure yourself which would also improve performance. Exercise also improves your bones and helps your body to produce more mineral salts and more collagenous fibres.
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Depending on how light or heavy exercise is will depend on the change that occurs. Typically during exercise heart rate will increase. This is in order to increase blood flow to the working muscles to allow for increased respiration - in order for the muscles to work efficiently. Therefore the more strenuous the exercise, the more your heart rate will increase. Blood pressure will also increase during exercise and again depends on intensity levels. During exercise such as running/cycling/swimming systolic pressure will increase progressively whereas diastolic pressure will increase only slightly. During weight lifting exercises, both systolic and diastolic pressures will rise. Obviously these effects will vary from person to person, depending on age, gender, exercise level, exercise intensity etc. etc.
After exercise your pulse becomes faster. The reason you get exhausted while doing exercise is you can't get enough oxygen into your body.
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The early development of the human skeletal system begins in the third week after conception. During this phase, the skeleton is made up a soft cartilage-like substance and the formation of bones is not complete until after birth.