The oil filter gasket is a rubber ring that is usually bonded to the oil filter. If the oil filter has been removed and has no gasket, then it has become stuck to the engine block. Remove the gasket from the block before installing a new oil filter with it's own new gasket. Be sure to spread a little clean engine oil on the rubber gasket before installation to help seal and prevent sticking to the block. Do not overtighten the filter, turn the filter until the gasket contacts the block and then tighten 1/4 turn more. If the gasket leaks, tighten just enough to stop the leak.
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No you do not, you would put oil on a oil filter gasket if it is a spin on type, this stops the rubber from binding and helps it seal.
This may or may not be the solution for you, but check this out for starters. Some oil filter gaskets are not well bonded to the filter, and as a result, when you remove an old filter, sometimes the old gasket will stick to the engine. If you don't notice, and install a new filter while the old gasket is still stuck there, the new filter will not seal properly and you will have a serious leak. If this turns out to be the case for you, simply remove the old gasket, inspect, and reinstall the new filter with its own gasket. If the filter's gasket looks damaged, or deformed in any way, you're best off buying and installing a new filter. (My personal opinion and advice: don't waste your money on cheapie filters, they're not worth it. Stick with a brand name you trust)
if I understand your ? can not changing an old oil filter gasket casue damage to your engine NO only if it leaked out all the oil other wise no. If the filter change was the cause of the leak and you lost enough oil for the engine to start clattering, yes, it caused the permanent engine damage.
Gas is leaking into your oil pan. If the head gasket is leaking, it needs to be replaced. While the cylinder head is off, look for a cracked piston or worn rings which may cause gas to leak into the oil pan. If the gasket has been replaced and you had no piston damage or bad rings, then change the oil and filter.
Yes there are sealers out there that can be used to seal or repair the gasket