Earth's solar system is in the milky way which includes sagittarius as a satellite galaxy and locales may overlap thus the answer is sometimes
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5000 light years
Nothing from another galaxy can affect Earth ever. Other galaxies are too far away.
Mars and Earth are planets in a galaxy called the Milky Way, inside the universe.
Yes. It is not like the Earth owns the Milky Way but some of us Earthlings call the galaxy in which the solar system resides (with the Earth) for The Milky Way [Swedes call it "Vintergatan" (the Winter Road)]
Compared to some other planets in the same galaxy, yes; it is actually fractions of the size of other planets in this galaxy