I always wait 24 hours.
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Acrylic Urathane single stage (most common and budget friendly), or a two stage base coat/clear coat paint system (long lasting, can buff out scratches, more expensive).
Yes, but you will want to lightly sand it first, then use a barrier/adhesion coat of primer such as Kilz, or a good alkyd primer.
Some polyurethane can be the dickens to get to soften up. After polyurethane cures it's actually a sheet of plastic. I recommend Citristrip Stripper it's real user friendly and safe to use inside. As with all chemicals, be sure you have good ventilation though. Citristrip has a long open time and if conditions are right it'll work for up to 24 hours. I would suggest applying a coat of stripper and letting it sit for a few hours, then apply another coat of stripper over the first one and cover the area with a plastic drop cloth. Let it sit overnight and try scraping. If the stripper has dried apply another coat and wait an hour and try it. Usually that will do the trick.
Ensure that you are putting enough paint on the surface, then roll or spray the ceiling all in one direction. Always work to the wet paint edge and do not stop long enough for the paint to dry. If you are spraying, do two coats, one in the direction of the length, and the other in the direction of the width. If you are rolling and trying to avoid a second coat, make sure you are putting enough paint on the ceiling and then wait 24 hours. If you see marks after 24 hours, put on a second coat in the other direction, ie if you applied the first coat the length of the ceiling, apply the second coat in the direction of the width. Again, be sure to work into the wet edge so do not stop long enough to allow the paint to dry to the touch. Once you've finished the second coat, allow the paint to dry for 24 hours before judging the coverage. Another trick is to use a 100% acrylic stain kill primer instead of ceiling paint. It will cost about twice as much but it is as close as you can come to a guaranteed one coat ceiling paint. Since the ceiling is not subject to wear and tear, there is no need to top coat with a paint.
Latex Primer dries fairly quickly. It will depend on the humidity levels in the home and the surface its applied to. On new drywall which the surface is more porous and will absorb more primer vs previously painted. Usually you can apply a top coat in 2 - 4 hours. Rick The Renovator