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The first mines were the tinmines of Cornwall and the lead mines of Derbyshire. Later coal was mined, first in Newcastle and then in the north and midlands and in South Wales. At one time the UK had 500,000 coal miners. Some mines were over half a mile deep. When the Industrial Revolution started it needed supplies of coal, iron ore and limestone. Limestone is available near the surface in many places. Whole hills have disappeared in Derbyshire. Iron ore was later excavated from just under the surface in Oxfordshire. Huge volumes of clay have been extracted in Bedfordshire for brickmaking. There are small gold and copper mines in Wales.

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Q: Mining in England
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