The term retardation refers to any slowing, ex. retarded growth, mental function,
maturation, the list goes on and on.
If we take mental retardation as an example it can be caused by lack of nutrition (particularly vitamin deficiency but of course food in general is a prime cause), hypoxia (lack of oxygen to the brain not resulting in death), disease, heredity, or it can be somatic, resulting from improper division of reproductive cells during meiosis. While some instances of somatic mental retardation are chromosomal accidents (i.e. two normal parents produce a child with Down syndrome) it can also
be inherited through a Down Syndrome parent.
If you want information on a specific type of retardation a more specific question may get you the answer you need.
Phenylketonuria
Horse penises are large compared to other animals due to evolutionary reasons related to mating. The size of the penis helps ensure successful mating by increasing the chances of depositing sperm in the female reproductive tract. Additionally, larger penises may be an advantage in competing with other males for breeding opportunities.
Alcohol can disrupt hormone levels, leading to decreased fertility in both men and women. Chronic alcohol consumption can affect sperm quality and production in men, and menstrual irregularities and reduced fertility in women. It can also increase the risk of miscarriage and birth defects in pregnant women.
The nucleus plays a crucial role in cell division by controlling the process through its DNA. During cell division, the nucleus replicates its DNA and ensures accurate distribution of genetic material to daughter cells. It also coordinates the timing and progression of cell division phases.