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Terraced agriculture: The Incas developed an innovative system of terraces on mountain slopes, allowing them to cultivate crops and maximize agricultural productivity.
Quipus: These knotted strings served as a sophisticated form of communication and record-keeping, enabling the Incas to store and transmit information.
Suspension bridges: Known as "q'eswachaka," the Incas engineered strong and durable bridges made from woven grass or fibers, enabling safe passage across rivers and canyons.
Road network: The Incas constructed an extensive network of roads known as "qhapac ñan," facilitating trade, communication, and military movement throughout their vast empire.
Freeze-drying: The Incas used the high-altitude climate to their advantage, developing a freeze-drying process called "chuno" to preserve potatoes and other crops for long-term storage.
Centralized planning and architecture: The Incas designed and constructed impressive urban centers and structures, such as Machu Picchu and Cusco, using precise planning and engineering techniques.
Metalworking: The Incas were skilled in Metallurgy and designed intricate gold and silver artifacts, as well as tools and weapons, using techniques like hammering, casting, and alloying.
Hydraulic engineering: The Incas developed sophisticated irrigation systems, including canals and aqueducts, to efficiently distribute water for agricultural purposes.
Masonry: The Incas were renowned for their precise stonework and created intricate structures using perfectly fitted, interlocking stones without any adhesive material.
Agricultural terraces: To increase arable land in mountainous regions, the Incas constructed stepped terraces that reduced erosion and retained moisture, enabling cultivation in otherwise challenging terrain.