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California and New Mexico didn't exist. Mexican independence happened in 1810. California didn't exist as California until 1850. The mission system in California changed hands from Spain to Mexico.
James Bowie came to Texas in the early 19th century as part of the growing American colonization of the region. He was attracted by the promise of cheap land and economic opportunities in the Mexican-controlled territory. Bowie also became involved in the Texas Revolution due to his support for the Texan independence movement and his desire to fight for the rights of American settlers in the region.
The period began with Mexico's victory over Spain in its war of independence in 1821. For the first several years of its existence, Mexican Texas operated very similarly to Spanish Texas
Texas was not purchased. Texas was annexed in 1845 which led to the Mexican American war in 1848 when Texas fought a war of independence against Mexico.
It came to be more through political means than through a war. Imagine that, political changes can happen without violence!!!! While there had been some uprisings and strikes against Spanish rule, they mostly only impacted the indigenous people. The real independence apparently came because the sons of the colonial Spaniards, the Espa�oles, born in Central America did not have the same legal rights as the people born in Spain. As a result, they opted to declare their independence from Spain. Spain did not pay much attention to their growing movement and basically let the small countries go on their merry way. At that time, Mexico annexed most of the Central American countries and a Civil War did ensue for fifteen years. Guatemala ultimately gained its sovereignty, though it did not gain all of its traditional territorial space in areas like Chiapas.