The second French empire dates from 1852 to 1870. Under Napoleon III, there existed the successful appearance of a democratic nation. In reality it was a Dictatorship enforced by Napoleon's secret police.
Discontent set in when people began speaking out about the true fabric of the government. In addition:
A. People feared that the French government's aid to Italy's unification was a threat to Church's control of the Papal States;
B. There was nationalist discontent with the failure of France's attempt to put Mexico into the empire and at least place Mexico in France's sphere of influence. The early attempt at success soon failed when the United States army was placed on the Mexican border and basically told France to end its efforts there or face war. The nationalists felt humiliated by the government's embarrassment there; and
C. Napoleon III made the fatal error of contesting Prussian power & lost in the Franco - Prussian War. Napoleon was actually taken prisoner. French republicans took advantage of this and declared an end to the second French empire.
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In France, the leaders of the French Revolution and after them, Napoleon; in Turkey, Kemal Atatürk, after the fall of the Ottoman Empire; in the USA, Thomas Jefferson.
The fall of the British Empire began in the late 1800s and continued into the 1960s. It was simply too expensive and unwieldy to maintain any longer.
Before Napoleon ruled, France was governed by its Monarchy. After the fall of Napoleon in 1815, in which he was exiled from the country, the monarchy regained its position. The king during this time was Louis XVIII.
There was not such thing as the fall of Rome and the rise of Byzantium. The term fall of Rome refers to the fall of the western part of the empire, not the fall of the city of Rome. This part of this empire fell under the weight of the invasions by the Germanic peoples. The eastern part was not affected by these invasions and continued to exist for nearly 1,000 years. Byzantine empire is a term which has been coined by historians to indicate the eastern part of the Roman empire after the fall of the western part. The people in question did not know this term and called their empire Roman Empire. Therefore, the so-called Byzantine Empire was the continuation of the Roman Empire. As for Byzantium, the name of this city changed to Constantinople more than 100 years before the Byzantine period. Therefore, there was no such thing as the rise of Byzantium either as a city of as an empire. Six Roman Emperors were killed by the imperial guard, but these were long before the fall of the western part of the Roman Empire
The Incan empire fell in 1533.