The Constitution is the supreme law of the land. All the amendments, clauses, articles, and paragraphs are laws. Currently, all 27 of these laws are a contract between the U.S. citizens and our Government. They cannot violate these laws or they risk certain liabilities. However, the government has the ability to bend these rules through bills and laws, but cannot legally strip them or excessively restrict them.
Each of the 50 states in the U.S. government is required to abide by the U.S. Constitution through law. It's required for statehood itself. A states' constitution is founded on all 27 amendments to the U.S. constitution. The states constitution can enumerate other powers not delegated to the Federal Government. That's 10th Amendment's law.
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Law based on the Constitution and US Supreme Court decisions, or precedents, is called common law. Law introduced by legislation in Congress is called enacted law.
Yes, the Supreme Court promotes democracy by protecting the Constitution. Nine justices make decisions based on Constitutional rights with democracy in mind.
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Previous Judicial Decisions
If it's for E2020 the answer is BRIEF. The Supreme Court is unlike any other court because the cases have all ready been heard and tried in lower courts. The lawyers have to prove that their argument is based in law and the constitution . They have to cite cases and law to the court in a determined set time. The justices will return a decision several months after the case is heard. They do not all have to agree in their decisions, but what they write may shape future cases and law. To begin the process a brief with the court is filed.