Mistretta v. United States
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Other than the existence of a prior conviction, ANY aggravating fact that increases the defendant's punishment above the statutory maximum under the guidelines must be submitted to a jury and proved beyond a reasonable doubt - it cannot be considered by a judge.
The Judicial Branch, or the federal court system, interprets the law. The US Supreme Court, head of the Judicial Branch, is the ultimate authority on the interpretation of federal law and the constitutionality of any law.
The judicial branch of government is the federal courts, mainly the Supreme Court. The courts interpret the laws that the legislative branch passes.
Federal
Victim and Witness Protection Act (VWPA)