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Who ran the HUAC?
hiya
Why was HUAC created?
To stop communism in America
What did senator Joseph McCarthy have to do with the Red Scare of the 1950s?
Joseph McCarthy was a Senator who ruined the careers of many people by calling them Communists, or "Reds," without sufficient proof.In 1950, anti-communist hysteria began to emerge in the USA as encouraged by the actions of Senator Joe McCarthy who began accusing high-ranking US officials of being communists, or of selling secrets to the Russians. Some government employees were found guilty of passing on secrets about the Atom Bomb. But McCarthy eventually lost popularity, and then power, as his accusations grew wilder and cruder each day. All of this simply served to increase tension between the two superpowers, the US and the Soviet Union.At the same time as McCarthy's denunciations, the House Un-American Activities Committee was also active. Many actors and writers were brought in before the Committee, and their lives ruined by threats and accusations. There were some Hollywood writers who were out of work for years because of these actions. They had been placed on a "blacklist" and studios were afraid to be connected with them.________________Senator McCarthy, a Republican from Wisconsin, was Chairman of the US Senate Permanent Sub-Committee on Investigations. He is viewed as a leading figure of the "Red Scare" of the 1950s. His committee, however, was not involved in the Hollywood Blacklist. McCarthy's committee was focused on supposed communists in the State Department, the Department of Defense, and other federal agencies.The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) is the group identified with the Hollywood Blacklist. Or more properly, their investigations into supposed communists in Hollywood led the movie industry to establish the Blacklist as proof of their sincerity in fighting the supposed communists.Senator McCarthy's activities are frequently confused with those of the HUAC. Richard Nixon was a member of HUAC while a member of the US House of Representatives.The movie Julie & Julia (2009) is about the chef Julia Child and stars Meryl Streep. Julia's husband Paul Child, played by Stanley Tucci, is a state department official who was questioned by McCarthy's committee investigators and found innocent. Nonetheless the threat of investigation was often used to intimidate witnesses.
Did the HUAC ever find any communists?
Yes and no. First, some context is necessary. The McCarthy era was a very contentious time in American politics. While Senator Joseph McCarthy and most of his supporters were Conservative Republicans, there were also a few conservative Democrats who bought into the Cold War idea that there were traitors and secret Communists everywhere. The HUAC began investigations, the government began requiring loyalty oaths, and deep suspicion dominated the country. Meanwhile, moderate Republicans and Democrats were put in a difficult position: if they objected to McCarthy's methods or tried to demand proof to support his allegation that hundreds of Communists had infiltrated both the US government and Hollywood, they were immediately accused of being "soft on Communism." So, for a while, even those who disliked McCarthy or thought he was conducting a partisan witch hunt kept silent, as hundreds of people (most of whom turned out to be innocent) were brought before the HUAC and accused of being Communists. Ultimately, the journalist Edward R. Murrow was one of the few who spoke out against McCarthy and successfully refuted his claims; McCarthy gradually lost his grip on power, and then, finally, in 1954, members of the Republican party censured and removed him. History has since shown that McCarthy's assertions were too often false or exaggerated, dangerous political rhetoric aimed at people whose political views were to the left of his. As a result of his accusations, many of the people who were called before the HUAC lost their jobs or their reputations, simply because McCarthy and his allies had said these people were Communists, or Communist sympathizers, and the public seemed to believe that he wouldn't accuse them if there weren't a good reason. That said, yes HUAC did find some people who were adjudged as Communist sympathizers or Communist spies. One high profile Communist was a government employee named Alger Hiss. Also convicted were the "Hollywood Ten," liberal film directors who may or may not have had Communist sympathies but who refused to cooperate with the committee (which they believed was violating their freedom of speech and freedom of association) and were then sentences to prison for Contempt of Congress. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were also found to be Communist spies (and sentenced to death), although later documents from the so-called Venona Project seemed to exonerate Ethel, while proving Julius was in fact guilty. There were a handful of others as well whom the HUAC investigated and determined to be Communists. But the number was far smaller than the hundreds (perhaps thousands) of people whose lives were ruined by false accusations, at a time when belonging to a left-wing organization or reading magazines considered pro-Communist were enough to get someone in serious trouble. It should also be noted that to this day, there are still some political conservatives who sincerely believe the government and Hollywood were in fact dominated by Communists; they seem to agree with McCarthy's belief that anyone who belonged to a left-wing organization was by definition pro-Communist. This view persists even today, as some political talk show hosts regularly accuse liberal Democrats of being Communists (a charge also made in 2012 by a Republican congressman named Allen West). And a related controversy broke out in Texas in 2009, when conservative Republicans on the Texas State Board of Education wanted history teachers to instruct students that McCarthy was a hero for having found and driven out thousands of disloyal Americans. They claimed the Venona Project proved McCarthy was right, but scholars have noted the Venona files are often fragmentary and contradictory, and do not "prove" anything. Further, most objective research about the "Red Scare" and McCarthy has repeatedly shown that his accusations were based more on political ideology (ultra-conservatives vs. ultra-liberals) rather than on documented facts. Yet the controversy about whether McCarthy and the HUAC were positive or negative persists.
Was Zero Mostel ever a communist?
He was accused of it, as were many other entertainers during the McCarthy era. However, the truth is more difficult to discern. There was little credible evidence that he was an actual member of the Communist party. But there was strong evidence that he had performed for some groups that were aligned with the Communist Party and he had also participated in causes that McCarthy and other conservatives considered too "left-wing." Mostel believed that the United States treated the poor unfairly, and he supported groups that, in his view, were fighting for economic justice; among those groups were several that the House UnAmerican Activities Committee (HUAC) regarded as Communist fronts. Whether Mostel shared Communist views is difficult to say, but he did agree that America needed to be more egalitarian. Such political views were enough to have the HUAC accuse him of being a Communist sympathizer, putting the brakes on what had up to that point been a very successful career.
