Four Forces on an Airplane
A force may be thought of as a push or pull in a specific direction. A force is a vector quantity so a force has both a magnitude and a direction. When describing forces, we have to specify both the magnitude and the direction. This slide shows the forces that act on an airplane in flight.
Weight
Weight is a force that is always directed toward the center of the earth. The magnitude of the weight depends on the mass of all the airplane parts, plus the amount of fuel, plus any payload on board (people, baggage, freight, etc.). The weight is distributed throughout the airplane. But we can often think of it as collected and acting through a single point called the center of gravity. In flight, the airplane rotates about the center of gravity.
Flying encompasses two major problems; overcoming the weight of an object by some opposing force, and controlling the object in flight. Both of these problems are related to the object's weight and the location of the center of gravity. During a flight, an airplane's weight constantly changes as the aircraft consumes fuel. The distribution of the weight and the center of gravity also changes. So the pilot must constantly adjust the controls to keep the airplane balanced, or trimmed.
Lift
To overcome the weight force, airplanes generate an opposing force called lift. Lift is generated by the motion of the airplane through the air and is an aerodynamic force. "Aero" stands for the air, and "dynamic" denotes motion. Lift is directed perpendicular to the flight direction. The magnitude of the lift depends on several factors including the shape, size, and velocity of the aircraft. As with weight, each part of the aircraft contributes to the aircraft lift force. Most of the lift is generated by the wings. Aircraft lift acts through a single point called the center of pressure. The center of pressure is defined just like the center of gravity, but using the pressure distribution around the body instead of the weight distribution.
The distribution of lift around the aircraft is important for solving the control problem. Aerodynamic surfaces are used to control the aircraft in roll, pitch, and yaw.
Drag
As the airplane moves through the air, there is another aerodynamic force present. The air resists the motion of the aircraft and the resistance force is called drag. Drag is directed along and opposed to the flight direction. Like lift, there are many factors that affect the magnitude of the drag force including the shape of the aircraft, the "stickiness" of the air, and the velocity of the aircraft. Like lift, we collect all of the individual components' drags and combine them into a single aircraft drag magnitude. And like lift, drag acts through the aircraft center of pressure.
Thrust
To overcome drag, airplanes use a propulsion system to generate a force called thrust. The direction of the thrust force depends on how the engines are attached to the aircraft. In the figure shown above, two turbine engines are located under the wings, parallel to the body, with thrust acting along the body centerline. On some aircraft, such as the Harrier, the thrust direction can be varied to help the airplane take off in a very short distance. The magnitude of the thrust depends on many factors associated with the propulsion system including the type of engine, the number of engines, and the throttle setting.
For jet engines, it is often confusing to remember that aircraft thrust is a reaction to the hot gas rushing out of the nozzle. The hot gas goes out the back, but the thrust pushes towards the front. Action <--> reaction is explained by Newton's Third Law of Motion.
The motion of the airplane through the air depends on the relative strength and direction of the forces shown above. If the forces are balanced, the aircraft cruises at constant velocity. If the forces are unbalanced, the aircraft accelerates in the direction of the largest force.
The pointed nose of the rocket opens up the air and it flows over the ship. The tail has adjustable fins. These steer the rocket until it reaches the upper atmosphere.
The simple answer is an Airfoil. The upper surface of most aircraft wings, will have a curve to it ,while the lower surface is relatively flat. Aerodynamic or it is said to be in the shape of 'aerofoil'
the back because the g forces are reduced and it is most likely to stay intact
An experiment for testing aerodynamic clothing could involve setting up a wind tunnel to measure drag forces on a stationary mannequin wearing the clothing at different wind speeds. By comparing the drag forces with and without the aerodynamic clothing, researchers can determine the effectiveness of the clothing in reducing drag and improving aerodynamic performance.
The ones with fins.
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No. On MOST airplanes, ailerons are separate from flaps. Ailerons are used to help steer the airplane, while flaps are lowered to change the aerodynamic shape of the wing to provide more lift during take off and landing.
By changing the aerodynamic properties of the fuselage or wings. If you can physically interrupt the flow of air across the body of the aircraft and make it less aerodynamic than you are able to create and increase the amount of drag in flight. The 2 most common ways to increase drag in a modern aircraft is to arm the spoilers (speed brakes) or lower landing gear.
When you are driving on the freeway, most of the work your engine does goes into pushing the car through the air. This force is known as aerodynamic drag...
Many formula 1 racing car designers and aircraft designers have found the teardrop to be the most aerodynamic shapethe teardrop or raindrop is indeed the most aerodynamic shape at subsonic speeds.At supersonic speeds the so called "Sears-Haack body" has better aerodynamics.
When you are driving on the freeway, most of the work your engine does goes into pushing the car through the air. This force is known as aerodynamic drag...
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